A Dynamic Structural Design For Web Application - 1641 Words

A DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR WEB APPLICATION WITH CATEGORIZATION OF SYSTEMATIC DEMEANOR 1. INTRODUCTION This research is concerned with the study and analysis of dynamic architecture and proposes an improved structural design based on categorization based dynamic architecture. Categorization of systematic demeanor plays a significant role in dynamic structural design of architecture to determine the systematic approach, browsing, performance, accuracy, multimedia access and navigation. By achieving systematic approach, the hierarchical structure is the idea which is behind the categorization technique. The extensive opportunities and convenient software design, and the larger demand for such applications have given rise to a considerable increase in the number of people working on web applications design, Khan 2014. The PHP, J-Query is some of the important scripting languages that were used for web applications development. PHP is a server-side scripting language employed for web development but also considered as a general-purpose programming language. But in the recent times, young keen people have begun to design Web pages with the help of scripting languages without even possessing the knowledge of even the simplest principles of software design. Several authors have introduced different techniques for minimizing the complexity. One of the important methods is the introduction of the design patterns in the PHP and the creation of a new design depending on theShow MoreRelatedNtp Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract— A REST API is an application program interface that uses HTTP protocol for making requests to a web server, using GET, PUT, POST and DELETE methods on the data. A RESTful API, also referred to as a RESTful web service is based on representational state transfer (REST) technology, an architectural style and approach to communications often used in web services development. 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Essay on The Downfall of Macbeth - 1474 Words

The Downfall of Macbeth Macbeth is victorious; he has just returned from the battle ground as a brutal warrior; courageous, but what is more, heroic. At this point in the play, Macbeths reputation is rapidly growing with the rampant spread of the word of his good deeds at war. This climaxes when his actions are acknowledged and rewarded by the title given to him by King Duncan, No more that thane of Cawdor doth deceive our bosom interest. - Go, pronounce his present death, and with his former title greet Macbeth. At this time, Macbeth is entirely content with his position and his circumstances. He has not stopped to contemplate how much he can achieve and explore his limitations. Instead he†¦show more content†¦For his question suggests that the greeting is not that far from the truth, and not at all as outrageous as it first appears. In saying this, it may have prompted Macbeths sudden urge for what he does not have and sparked his friends ambition and imagination. In a soliloquy in scene three of act one, just after Banquo his expressed his thoughts on the prophecy, Macbeth toys with his own ideas, trying to draw conclusions as to what he believes. This supernatural soliciting cannot be ill; cannot be good:-if ill, Why hath it given me earnest success commencing in the truth? As the audience is permitted insight into Macbeths inner thoughts, we learn of his uncertainty and his fear. But why the fear? Is it due to the prophecy itself? It seems not to be the foretelling of events which he fears, but his own reaction. Indeed he begins to wonder at the prospect of murder without being persuaded by another. The idea; at this point only a fantasy, has stemmed from his own courage and imaginings. My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, shakes so my single state of man, that function is smothered in surmise, and nothing is, but what is not. Macbeth is so disturbed by the implications of what he has thought, that he finds himself unable to do anything but think of the possibilities. However, Macbeth is aShow MoreRelatedMacbeths Downfall1691 Words   |  7 PagesMacbeths Downfall In the beginning of the play Macbeth, Macbeth is a successful and noble Thane of Glamis. The witches tell Macbeth prophecies that guide him to his downfall, but in the end it was his own selfish decisions that caused his demise. The other person that is blamed for Macbeth’s destruction was his wife Lady Macbeth because she was able to manipulate and control his self-esteem by playing with his courage and bravery. However, Macbeth was only guided by his wife; he chose to play outRead MoreDownfall of Macbeth1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe tragedy of â€Å"Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, follows the fall of Macbeth from a man in a position of power with a contented life, to a man with nothing but â€Å"mouth honor† and a corrupted soul. In this essay, I wish to show to what extent Macbeth’s tragedy was his own fault. The downfall of Macbeth begins early on in the play when he and Banquo (a fellow Scottish noble) meet the witches. The witches waylay Macbeth and Banquo whilst they were on their way to meet Duncan, King of Scotland. TheyRead MoreThe Downfall of Macbeth865 Words   |  3 PagesThe Downfall of Macbeth Many of people have heard the tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare. The story revolves on a sequence of misfortunate events that take place when Macbeth makes immoral decisions to be king. In the play, Shakespeare shows how power can cause corruption in a human’s brain. Macbeth himself was not a very confident person, though he had a kind soul to begin with, he was easily influenced and gullible. Through the prophecies of the evil beings, an insignificant seed was plantedRead More Macbeths Downfall Essay668 Words   |  3 Pages In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the main character, Macbeth, is a brave and loyal subject to the King of Scotland, but as the play progresses, his character begins to change drastically. Evil and unnatural powers, as well as his own passion to become king, take over his better half and eventually lead to his downfall. The three main factors that intertwine with one another that contribute to Macbeth’s tragic end are the prophecie s told by the three witches, Lady Macbeth’s influence, and finallyRead MoreCauses of Macbeths Downfall1445 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Causes of Macbeths Downfall – Essay By Jordan Koorey Shakespeare’s Macbeth, based on a play written in 1605 explores the life journey of Macbeth as he climbs the ladder of the social hierarchy. Determined to become King, Macbeth will kill any and all that get in his way. Driven by ambition, Macbeth puts his faith in the words and prophecies of three witches after a prediction that Macbeth would gain the new title of Thane of Cawdor. Alongside with ambition, Lady Macbeth, is a key instrument toRead MoreThe Downfall of Macbeth Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesThe Downfall of Macbeth All through the play Macbeth strives for power. This motivation affects every aspect of his life and eventually leads to his demise. Many different factors come together in deciding his ill-fated future. With his wifes cajoling and the three witches foretelling of his future, Macbeth, will stop at nothing to gain the position as King of Scotland. The witches and their prophecies are the first major influence which trigger MacbethsRead MoreMacbeth and His Downfall1613 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth, there are two factors that contributed to Macbeths ruin. One of them being more to blame: The influential character of Lady Macbeth displaying temptation towards Macbeth, or Macbeths own ambitious and insecure nature. There are questions whether Macbeths downfall might have displayed more for his own blame. In closer examination, it will be come apparent that Macbeth is more to blame for his downfall. By first examining the influential acts of Lady Macbeth that made Macbeth commitRead MoreMacbeth Downfall Analysis911 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth is a popular play that is known all over the world. William Shakespeares play Macbeth is about a nobleman named Macbeth whose ambition is responsible for his downfall. He is corrupted as a result of his rise to power. Shakespeare succeeds in getting the audience to love Macbeth despite the fact he is much less sinned against than sinn ing. The audience is drawn to Macbeth because he is pressured by the witches, does not have a malicious nature, is ambitious, agonizes between decisions,Read MoreThe Downfall of Lady Macbeth1371 Words   |  6 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Lady Macbeth’s desire and ambition leads to her eventual downfall. When Lady Macbeth hears of Macbeth’s prophecy she dreams of the glory and high-standing that awaits being queen. She cannot withhold her ambitions and she is willing to manipulate fate to bring about Macbeth’s prophecy. She invokes evil spirits to be filled from head to toe with cruelty to do the evil actions necessary to make Macbeth king and to remove all remorse and pity for her action from her heart.Read MoreEssay about Macbeth - Downfall Of Macbeth860 Words   |  4 Pages We see in the play Macbeth that when the motivation to succeed in life becomes overpowering, other people may easily influence one and elements and one may decide on wrongful actions to achieve a goal. Some of the influences on Macbeth include the witches and the apparitions, Lady Macbeth, and lastly Macbeths own insecurities and misguided attempts to control his future. The witches and their prophecies are the first major influence on Macbeths actions. Macbeth seems happy and content with

Contemporary Decision Making Housing Problem in Namibia

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Decision Making for Housing Problem in Namibia. Answer: Introduction The report discusses about the problems that arises in the housing policies and mapping them with the economic, environmental, health and social problems. A wide range of policy of housing and stakeholders analysis is done to find the problems and learn about them. There are many complexities associated with the housing, the house have a great deal of importance to the peoples life (Mulliner, Smallbone and Maliene 2013). There are many policies developed for housing and a wide range of agents can affect the changes of house and the policy might fail sometimes because there are limitation in understanding the policies and implementation in the right field. These incorporate the less income of the country and distribution of the income in the country is skewed and thus it results in a larger part of the population living in poverty. The people needs to enhance housing moderateness; utilizing housing development and the real estate business sector to animate financial development; and diminishing wellbeing disparities through housing mediations (Shapiro and Stefkovich 2016). Thus the new contemporary decision making approach is applied on the housing and research is done on the policies of equity, health and sustainability to integrate the quantitative and qualitative knowledge. The report discusses about understanding the complex system that links the housing, health and energy altogether and identifying their impact. Background There is a huge rise in price of the raw materials required for building the house and thus the overall cost of housing also increases. The increase in the price is analyzed using a system dynamic approach and is used in the multiple levels of pricing policy of housing. The market of real estate is much complex compared to any other market and the proper analysis is done on the supply of money, price of the construction material, liquidity, etc. The houses are a major source of emission of CFC gas and effective policies can be applied for the reduction of this emission. Policies can also be applied for finding alternative sources of energy and efficiently manage the GHG emission (Sidle et al. 2013). There are many complexities in the life of the people and there are agents who are responsible for the changing the house and making it an important area for the resistance of policy (Humphrey 2014). There are many other problems related to housing such as the rise in cost of the lands, l abor and specializations. The applied policy can be may have limitation to reach the objective or fail to obtain desired outcome because there are complex system of implementation. Cost is also an important factor for the designing the housing and maintaining the complex relationship with the public health issues. There are separate agenda of de-carbonization and different sector of the government are working to achieve the goal for housing (Jacobs and Manzi 2013). It includes the cost of the land and the demand of the raw materials is also increasing and the suppliers face a lot of problem in managing the system. New technique can be applied for decision making in housing. Research has been done or the creation and application of different policies for health, sustainability and equity and integrate them with the collaborative process of learning. Alternative policies can be designed and the system is described and converted to different levels. The system dynamic model has tools that can be used to study the complex factor in the system and helps in the dynamic modeling of the system. Principal Findings The housing prices are affected by two different factors and they are divided in two categories such as macro and micro. The macro factor affects the monetary policy and their roles in the housing policy. To find the inflation of the housing market the rates of the market are analyzed and the shares of the factors affecting the housing inflation are calculated. Utilizing participatory framework dynamic modeling a wide scope of industry, strategy, group and scholastic partners in the region of Namibia housing can be combined together. Setting up a prosperity structure for bearing in mind the strategies about housing that joins social, mental, natural, physical and monetary prosperity; cooperatively built up an underlying complex subjective framework elements model made up of seven segments (Kahrik, Leetmaa and Tammaru 2012). It is recognized as a common arrangement of principles in contradiction of which it can be quantified and looked at the future proposed architecture of the housin g proposal, paying little respect to the essential goal of those strategies (Bernroider and Schmollerl 2013). Past studies on the utilized framework flow demonstrating to comprehend particular parts of the housing framework, especially markets, development and moderateness. Likewise, there have been different studies which have surveyed a portion of the healthy outcomes of strategies to diminish the green house gas discharge from the house. The knowledge that is collaborative enabled the Namibian housing policy stakeholders and the architects associated with the plan to move further than the decision making focuses on the objective policy singly e.g: reduction of the carbon footprint and addressing the poverty in fuel (Cornforth and Brown 2013). The CLD or the casual loop diagram is applied for the demonstration of the utility of the contemporary decision making and also revealing the result of its participation. The housing provision, wellbeing and energy is understood as a complex system and it is the first step to identify the effective policy and information is collected according to the support the policy option that needs to be applied (Verschuere and De Corte 2014). Limitations The casual loop diagrams are valid for a limited period of time and they reflect the stakeholders knowledge combining it with some literature review. The CLD are designed to demonstrate the current process and the improvements that can be applied for the current practice for decision making of the Namibian housing (Sharma, Mithas and Kankanhalli 2014). Further research work is expected to examine the questioned and concurred connections uniting the finest accessible information and examination, going for a framework that backings replication and investigation choices instead of pointing the expectation. Implementation of the Research and Policy The application of CLD is discussed and the proposal of the stakeholders in the policy is impended and recommended. The successful de-carbonization of the Namibian housing stocks requires an establishment of the cross government group rapidly such that a meaningful system is developed that have thinking capability (Gauja 2015). The group is suggested to be supported with a committee that advises about the improvement of the policy. The community standards can be strengthened connecting it socially with the stakeholders. A major part of the map gives suggestion for the improvement of the tenure in the rental sector to strengthen the beneficial loop for de-carbonization and wellbeing (Hollihan and Baaske 2015). However there is a possibility that the mixed tenure would lead to an increase in the number of community connection. Problem Statement The housing prices are rapidly increasing in Namibia and if it is not controlled it would keep on increasing exponentially. Thus there is a need for future exploration regarding the factors affecting the rise in price of housing. The present strength of the housing strategy is utilized for connecting hypothetically the recognized activity in the causal loop diagram. The absence of loop acts as a feedback between the entities that distinguishing the range of energy efficiency in housing (MacDonald and Panayotakis 2016). It was proposed that it requires further examination. The average index of the materials required for construction are required to be calculated and the change in the requirement of the housing policy changes the connection of the feedback loops and permits the strategy designers to monitor the importance of the loops in this casual loop diagram. The casual loop diagram is used to exhibit the energy, land costing and the savings that can be made in the energy to increa se the efficiency of the housing (Wilkinson and Langston 2014). The conditions responsible for inflation like the rise in fuel price demand for the increase in the wage of the labor, are also a factor that accounts for the actual inflation. Improvement of generally concurred measurements to depict "quality" as it identifies with both houses and neighborhoods is likewise required. The main work in the project is to build a qualitative model for the housing and the evaluation of the participation of SDM and keeping the current model. A combined process is used for the evaluation that has a reflective view of the stakeholders associated with the project (Mesly and Bouchard 2016). The usefulness of house is evaluated assessing the changes in the work policy and considering the changes that takes place in project. The consciousness of the stakeholders and the priorities of the policy of the government is also evaluated in different interval of time. Small pieces of simulation model are used for the disputed relationship that is tested in a earning environment (Sharifi and Murayama 2013). The simulation model is an effective model for understanding the comparative strength of the feedback loops used in the design and analyzes the behavior to improve the decision making system (Kabir, Sadiq and Tesfamariam 2014). It is an iterative approach of simulation and further refinement is required for the replication of the representative policy that assess the dynamic effect on the policy criteria in future that is shared. The consequences of the dynamic modeling are brought together and the multi criteria decision making allows the stakeholders to outcome the values more explicitly and weighing the options for policy. Selection of the Methodology The system dynamic model is used for the selection of the methodology and involves it in the industry, academic, community and stakeholder policy that can explore the effects dynamically on the policy realistically in Namibia (Chaskin, Khare and Joseph 2012). The following characteristics should be consisted to SDM of the complex system. Inclusion of the interacting variables that can change according to time. The key driver of the behavior of the system and the pattern of interaction according to time. The interaction of the different variables is differentiated by strengthening loops that amplifies the system patterns dynamically consisting of balancing and behavior feedback loops (Hill 2016). Gathering of the stock that includes the information of the people, and the material resources and characterize the complexity of the system. The most important component is the time of a complex system and it causes an impact on the change in the variables at different rates and affects the relationship creating long and short term effect on the policy (Kolaja 2015). A general heuristic for the SDM approach uses the iteration that moves the desired outcomes for understanding the problems relating to the outcomes, development of the dynamic model of simulation, qualitative representation of the structure of the system, policy design and experimentation of the scenario (Standing 2014). Application of the Methodology We drew closer a sum of 52 associations and offices. More than 50 partners were enlisted, speaking to 37 associations. These contains 6 national government offices; 5 delegates as of neighborhood government; a gathering of 6 minority background of housing pioneers (group of back ground team); 14 non-government associations, 5 industry associations; and 8 scholarly organizations. A few stakeholders consist of more than one segment. Distinctive individuals from the partner gathering were spoken to amid the meeting stage and at the workshops (Ahmed 2015). The associations taking an interest at every stages have been recorded to exhibit the cooperation level and changing the members after a time interval. To identify and enroll the minority background housing activists there was a need of sustained effort for a greater amount of time. The gathering of 6 members met up taking after the principal workshop. We met 33 members crosswise over nationwide and nearby administration, construction, non-governmental associations, housing ventures and scholastic exploration. Among them 26 of the stakeholders worked in the primary workshop and a covering group of 26 who took an interest in the second workshop. In the middle of the two littler gatherings were met to pick up the particular contribution of the group roots bunch, which was gone to by six and five individuals, separately. Analysis and Results Ten principle topics were recognized as an aftereffect of the topical examination. These are portrayed, alongside their sub-subjects, in Table 1, which additionally depicts how frequently these topics were distinguished over every one of the meetings ("commonness") (Stewart 2015). The subjects secured parts of the physical way of houses; and describes the activities of the house that are assembled to create groups and with regards to other area utilizes; the connections amongst housing and more extensive frameworks, for example, demographics, property, urban arranging and work markets; and the impact of these on the members developments of prosperity as a thought (Duke and Thom 2014). The most normally and profoundly talked about topic identified with impacts on the vitality proficiency of houses. The strength of this topic mirrors the present Namibian arrangement that concentrates on housing, and maybe obvious given the members' learning about the provenance of the examination (Kabi r, Sadiq and Tesfamariam 2014). More astounding is the significance of the members set on neighborhoods and social prosperity, which is the second most usually examined topic from the meetings. Figure 1: Summary of model development process (Source: Created by author) Figure 2: Overview of the themes used in organizing the house, energy and wellbeing (Source: Created by author) Figure 3: Community connection and the physical quality of neighborhoods (Source: Created by author) The above casual loop diagrams represents the interaction between the variables that shows the analyses trend in the housing systems. The variables acts as a level for the measurement in respect to time while some of them also act as rates that affect the system. The connection between the variables are done using arrow or causal link and they combine to form a feedback loop. The feedback loops can be clockwise or anticlockwise, the clock wise loops are used to represent the effect on the system and how it would respond according to the time. The clock wise loop can reinforce the system and are named R and the anti-clock wise loops are used to balance the system and reduce the effect in respect to time and they are named B. R1: It is the physical quality that makes the peoples staying in the house R2: Actions and connections R3: Empowerment of the community R4: Improvement of the housing and helping the people to stay B1: Bonding unhelpful B2: Prejudice on undermine community organization Conclusion We have built up a far reaching framework model connecting housing, strength and poverty of the Namibian people to afford the housing. The system dynamic model is used to analyze the housing market in Namibia. Gathering different data of the Namibian market it can be concluded that high subsidies of the government are resulting in the increase in the price of the houses. But it does not effect on the increase in the nominal wage of the local workers and that leads to the decrease in the real wage. Thus it is recommended that the subsidies provided to the real estate developers should be decreased in the upcoming years to keep down the inflation and decrease the pricing of the house such that the people can afford it. Besides, the convenience of participatory SDM is discussed in the report and a communitarian learning procedure to encourage enhanced policymaking for housing. It can also coordinate a wide scope of results crosswise over prosperity, social and wellbeing value, and ecolo gical manageability. Further work is expected to accept the model, incorporate renovations to investigate future strategy alternatives and join SDM with other arrangement evaluation instruments, and additionally techniques to encourage shifts in the applied systems supporting approach, that would be essential for more beneficial more economical housing. References Ahmed, K.G., 2015. Investigating Relevancyof the Traditional Principle of the Right of Appropriation of Open Space and Finain Contemporary Urban Poor Communities in Cairo, Egypt.Journal of Architecture and Urbanism,39(4), pp.260-272. Bernroider, E.W. and Schmllerl, P., 2013. A technological, organisational, and environmental analysis of decision making methodologies and satisfaction in the context of IT induced business transformations.European Journal of Operational Research,224(1), pp.141-153. Chaskin, R., Khare, A. and Joseph, M., 2012. Participation, Deliberation, and Decision Making The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Mixed-Income Developments.Urban Affairs Review,48(6), pp.863-906. Cornforth, C. and Brown, W.A., 2013.Nonprofit governance: Innovative perspectives and approaches. Routledge. Duke, K. and Thom, B., 2014. The role of evidence and the expert in contemporary processes of governance: The case of opioid substitution treatment policy in England.International Journal of Drug Policy,25(5), pp.964-971. Gauja, A., 2015. The individualisation of party politics: The impact of changing internal decision-making processes on policy development and citizen engagement.The British Journal of Politics and International Relations,17(1), pp.89-105. Hill, R.L., 2016. Factors Affecting College Choice and Transfer: A Study of the Decision-Making Process of Student Veterans. Hollihan, T.A. and Baaske, K.T., 2015.Arguments and arguing: The products and process of human decision making. Waveland Press. Humphrey, S., 2014. In the Crosshairs: The Role of the Local State in a Contemporary Process of Neighborhood Redevelopment in Central Illinois.Critical Planning,21(1). Jacobs, K. and Manzi, T., 2013. New localism, old retrenchment: The Big Society, housing policy and the politics of welfare reform.Housing, Theory and Society,30(1), pp.29-45. Kabir, G., Sadiq, R. and Tesfamariam, S., 2014. A review of multi-criteria decision-making methods for infrastructure management.Structure and Infrastructure Engineering,10(9), pp.1176-1210. Khrik, A., Leetmaa, K. and Tammaru, T., 2012. Residential decision-making and satisfaction among new suburbanites in the Tallinn urban region, Estonia.Cities,29(1), pp.49-58. Kolaja, J., 2015.A Polish factory: a case study of workers' participation in decision making. University Press of Kentucky. MacDonald, S.P. and Panayotakis, C., 2016. Insatiability and Crisis: Using Interdisciplinarity to Understand (And Denaturalize) Contemporary Humans. InInterdisciplinary Pedagogy for STEM(pp. 37-55). Palgrave Macmillan US. Mesly, O. and Bouchard, S., 2016. Predatory-Prey Decision Making During Market BubblesPreliminary Evidence from a Neurobiological Study.Journal of Behavioral Finance,17(3), pp.293-308. Mulliner, E., Smallbone, K. and Maliene, V., 2013. An assessment of sustainable housing affordability using a multiple criteria decision making method.Omega,41(2), pp.270-279. Shapiro, J.P. and Stefkovich, J.A., 2016.Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Sharifi, A. and Murayama, A., 2013. Changes in the traditional urban form and the social sustainability of contemporary cities: A case study of Iranian cities.Habitat International,38, pp.126-134. Sharma, R., Mithas, S. and Kankanhalli, A., 2014. Transforming decision-making processes: a research agenda for understanding the impact of business analytics on organisations.European Journal of Information Systems,23(4), pp.433-441. Sidle, R.C., Benson, W.H., Carriger, J.F. and Kamai, T., 2013. Broader perspective on ecosystem sustainability: Consequences for decision making.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(23), pp.9201-9208. Standing, M., 2014.Clinical Judgement and Decision Making for Nursing Students. Learning Matters. Stewart, M.G., 2015. Risk and economic viability of housing climate adaptation strategies for wind hazards in southeast Australia.Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,20(4), pp.601-622. Verschuere, B. and De Corte, J., 2014. The impact of public resource dependence on the autonomy of NPOs in their strategic decision making.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,43(2), pp.293-313. Wilkinson, S.J. and Langston, C., 2014.Sustainable building adaptation: innovations in decision-making. John Wiley Sons.

Old West By Larry McMurtry Essays - Lonesome Dove Series

Old West By Larry McMurtry "Old West" LONESOME DOVE While Larry McMurtry honors certain mythical features of the "Old West," his epic, Lonesome Dove, is the quintessential representation of the realism of the "Old West." By contrast, mythic representations of the "Old West" tend to look absurd and silly. Stories such as the one portrayed in the film "True Grit" appear to be ridiculous because of their one-dimensional presentation of characters, including women; their passive, utopian environments; and their conveniently distinct depiction of good and evil. Larry McMurtry's Lonesome Dove presents characters not larger than life but complex, women who are not frightened and dependent, but self-sufficient and wise. "McMurtry is unfailing acute on the life of women in this man's world" (Clemons, Contemporary Literary Criticism 254). In mythic representations such as "True Grit" villains are not people with complicated backgrounds which cause their poor behavior. Nor are there Indians or black people in "True Grit" although the "Old West" was populated by them. "All of Mr. McMurtry's anti-mythic groundwork-his refusal to glorify the West-works to reinforce the strength of the traditionally mythic parts of Lonesome Dove by making it far more credible than the old familiar horse operas" (Lemann, Literary Criticism 257) such as "True Grit." In the film "True Grit" Rooster Cogburn typifies the preposterous qualities of a mythical United States Marshall. He acts alone in hunting down serious killers, but this is no problem because Rooster, even though a drunk, earlier has brought to justice a wagon-load of wrongdoers. Later, with the reins of his horse in his teeth, Rooster shoots all of his antagonists except for his arch enemy who shoots Rooster's horse out from under him. Just as the arch enemy, Robert Duvall, is about to shoot Rooster, from far away someone conveniently kills Duvall. Rooster is a man whose weaknesses never pull him down, because he is "larger than life" (Hirsch, E! Online 2). Rooster Cogburn is a character of mythical stature whose defects never prevent him from accomplishing his heroic deeds. Larry McMurtry's characters in his novel, Lonesome Dove, demonstrate actual "grit." While Augustus (Gus) McCrae is an indolent man, unlike Rooster Cogburn, Gus is not ashamed of his laziness. "It's a good thing that I ain't scairt' to be lazy" (McMurtry 9). Gus would rather have a whisky bottle in his hand than a shovel (Horn, Literary Criticism 255), but his crew forgives his weaknesses because they respect his heroic capabilities as an authentic, fierce fighter and loyal friend. Gus McCrae's former Texas Ranger partner , Captain Woodrow C. Call, proves himself a terrific leader and an excellent cowboy who at the same time lacks typical cowboy sociability. "He heads for the river because he is tired of hearing us yap, he ain't a sociable man and never was" (McMurtry 26). Unlike Rooster Cogburn, who always acts flamboyantly, Woodrow Call's personality changes dramatically because he is genuinely influenced by his circumstances. He is always the first to react to danger including anticipating poisonous snakes while on the trail, and occasionally saving his crew from harm. Call acts the part when needed. The "portrayal of McCrae and Call,...as both heroic and endearingly human,...particularly delighted critics" (Literary Criticism 253). The foolish humor in "True Grit" attempts to create the belief that a one-eyed, alcoholic man who falls off his horse can individually solve problems because he has "true grit." The gritty Rooster Cogburn lives with a little Chinese man and a cat which seems silly in the way it provides humorous relief. This is a common gimmick that film makers use who represent the "Old West" in a mythic way. Rooster's eating habits also characterize him comically. He often puts rock hard bacon bits into his mouth, even offering them to dainty women like Kim Darby who is shocked by the offer. Other aspects of humor arise when at the film's conclusion. Rooster rides away while improbably jumping over a fence in a manner of an agile young cowboy. In fact, Rooster is a cowboy cut-up whose drinking habits lead to...laughable incidents" throughout the film (Hirsch, E! 2). In contrast, reviewers praised Larry McMurtry's chronicle of cowboy life in the nineteenth century "as a humorous yet sincere tribute to the American West" (Literary Criticism 253). McMurtry provides his characters with realistic humor as when Woodrow reflects on his partnership with Gus: It's odd I partnered with a man like you, Call, Augustus said. If we was to meet now instead of when we did, I doubt we'd have two words to say to one another. Woodrow Call responded, I