A Dynamic Structural Design For Web Application - 1641 Words

A DYNAMIC STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR WEB APPLICATION WITH CATEGORIZATION OF SYSTEMATIC DEMEANOR 1. INTRODUCTION This research is concerned with the study and analysis of dynamic architecture and proposes an improved structural design based on categorization based dynamic architecture. Categorization of systematic demeanor plays a significant role in dynamic structural design of architecture to determine the systematic approach, browsing, performance, accuracy, multimedia access and navigation. By achieving systematic approach, the hierarchical structure is the idea which is behind the categorization technique. The extensive opportunities and convenient software design, and the larger demand for such applications have given rise to a considerable increase in the number of people working on web applications design, Khan 2014. The PHP, J-Query is some of the important scripting languages that were used for web applications development. PHP is a server-side scripting language employed for web development but also considered as a general-purpose programming language. But in the recent times, young keen people have begun to design Web pages with the help of scripting languages without even possessing the knowledge of even the simplest principles of software design. Several authors have introduced different techniques for minimizing the complexity. One of the important methods is the introduction of the design patterns in the PHP and the creation of a new design depending on theShow MoreRelatedNtp Essay1370 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract— A REST API is an application program interface that uses HTTP protocol for making requests to a web server, using GET, PUT, POST and DELETE methods on the data. A RESTful API, also referred to as a RESTful web service is based on representational state transfer (REST) technology, an architectural style and approach to communications often used in web services development. 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Essay on The Downfall of Macbeth - 1474 Words

The Downfall of Macbeth Macbeth is victorious; he has just returned from the battle ground as a brutal warrior; courageous, but what is more, heroic. At this point in the play, Macbeths reputation is rapidly growing with the rampant spread of the word of his good deeds at war. This climaxes when his actions are acknowledged and rewarded by the title given to him by King Duncan, No more that thane of Cawdor doth deceive our bosom interest. - Go, pronounce his present death, and with his former title greet Macbeth. At this time, Macbeth is entirely content with his position and his circumstances. He has not stopped to contemplate how much he can achieve and explore his limitations. Instead he†¦show more content†¦For his question suggests that the greeting is not that far from the truth, and not at all as outrageous as it first appears. In saying this, it may have prompted Macbeths sudden urge for what he does not have and sparked his friends ambition and imagination. In a soliloquy in scene three of act one, just after Banquo his expressed his thoughts on the prophecy, Macbeth toys with his own ideas, trying to draw conclusions as to what he believes. This supernatural soliciting cannot be ill; cannot be good:-if ill, Why hath it given me earnest success commencing in the truth? As the audience is permitted insight into Macbeths inner thoughts, we learn of his uncertainty and his fear. But why the fear? Is it due to the prophecy itself? It seems not to be the foretelling of events which he fears, but his own reaction. Indeed he begins to wonder at the prospect of murder without being persuaded by another. The idea; at this point only a fantasy, has stemmed from his own courage and imaginings. My thought, whose murder yet is but fantastical, shakes so my single state of man, that function is smothered in surmise, and nothing is, but what is not. Macbeth is so disturbed by the implications of what he has thought, that he finds himself unable to do anything but think of the possibilities. However, Macbeth is aShow MoreRelatedMacbeths Downfall1691 Words   |  7 PagesMacbeths Downfall In the beginning of the play Macbeth, Macbeth is a successful and noble Thane of Glamis. The witches tell Macbeth prophecies that guide him to his downfall, but in the end it was his own selfish decisions that caused his demise. The other person that is blamed for Macbeth’s destruction was his wife Lady Macbeth because she was able to manipulate and control his self-esteem by playing with his courage and bravery. However, Macbeth was only guided by his wife; he chose to play outRead MoreDownfall of Macbeth1659 Words   |  7 PagesThe tragedy of â€Å"Macbeth, by William Shakespeare, follows the fall of Macbeth from a man in a position of power with a contented life, to a man with nothing but â€Å"mouth honor† and a corrupted soul. In this essay, I wish to show to what extent Macbeth’s tragedy was his own fault. The downfall of Macbeth begins early on in the play when he and Banquo (a fellow Scottish noble) meet the witches. The witches waylay Macbeth and Banquo whilst they were on their way to meet Duncan, King of Scotland. TheyRead MoreThe Downfall of Macbeth865 Words   |  3 PagesThe Downfall of Macbeth Many of people have heard the tragedy of Macbeth by William Shakespeare. The story revolves on a sequence of misfortunate events that take place when Macbeth makes immoral decisions to be king. In the play, Shakespeare shows how power can cause corruption in a human’s brain. Macbeth himself was not a very confident person, though he had a kind soul to begin with, he was easily influenced and gullible. Through the prophecies of the evil beings, an insignificant seed was plantedRead More Macbeths Downfall Essay668 Words   |  3 Pages In William Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the main character, Macbeth, is a brave and loyal subject to the King of Scotland, but as the play progresses, his character begins to change drastically. Evil and unnatural powers, as well as his own passion to become king, take over his better half and eventually lead to his downfall. The three main factors that intertwine with one another that contribute to Macbeth’s tragic end are the prophecie s told by the three witches, Lady Macbeth’s influence, and finallyRead MoreCauses of Macbeths Downfall1445 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Causes of Macbeths Downfall – Essay By Jordan Koorey Shakespeare’s Macbeth, based on a play written in 1605 explores the life journey of Macbeth as he climbs the ladder of the social hierarchy. Determined to become King, Macbeth will kill any and all that get in his way. Driven by ambition, Macbeth puts his faith in the words and prophecies of three witches after a prediction that Macbeth would gain the new title of Thane of Cawdor. Alongside with ambition, Lady Macbeth, is a key instrument toRead MoreThe Downfall of Macbeth Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesThe Downfall of Macbeth All through the play Macbeth strives for power. This motivation affects every aspect of his life and eventually leads to his demise. Many different factors come together in deciding his ill-fated future. With his wifes cajoling and the three witches foretelling of his future, Macbeth, will stop at nothing to gain the position as King of Scotland. The witches and their prophecies are the first major influence which trigger MacbethsRead MoreMacbeth and His Downfall1613 Words   |  7 PagesShakespeare’s Macbeth, there are two factors that contributed to Macbeths ruin. One of them being more to blame: The influential character of Lady Macbeth displaying temptation towards Macbeth, or Macbeths own ambitious and insecure nature. There are questions whether Macbeths downfall might have displayed more for his own blame. In closer examination, it will be come apparent that Macbeth is more to blame for his downfall. By first examining the influential acts of Lady Macbeth that made Macbeth commitRead MoreMacbeth Downfall Analysis911 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth is a popular play that is known all over the world. William Shakespeares play Macbeth is about a nobleman named Macbeth whose ambition is responsible for his downfall. He is corrupted as a result of his rise to power. Shakespeare succeeds in getting the audience to love Macbeth despite the fact he is much less sinned against than sinn ing. The audience is drawn to Macbeth because he is pressured by the witches, does not have a malicious nature, is ambitious, agonizes between decisions,Read MoreThe Downfall of Lady Macbeth1371 Words   |  6 PagesIn Shakespeare’s Macbeth, Lady Macbeth’s desire and ambition leads to her eventual downfall. When Lady Macbeth hears of Macbeth’s prophecy she dreams of the glory and high-standing that awaits being queen. She cannot withhold her ambitions and she is willing to manipulate fate to bring about Macbeth’s prophecy. She invokes evil spirits to be filled from head to toe with cruelty to do the evil actions necessary to make Macbeth king and to remove all remorse and pity for her action from her heart.Read MoreEssay about Macbeth - Downfall Of Macbeth860 Words   |  4 Pages We see in the play Macbeth that when the motivation to succeed in life becomes overpowering, other people may easily influence one and elements and one may decide on wrongful actions to achieve a goal. Some of the influences on Macbeth include the witches and the apparitions, Lady Macbeth, and lastly Macbeths own insecurities and misguided attempts to control his future. The witches and their prophecies are the first major influence on Macbeths actions. Macbeth seems happy and content with

Contemporary Decision Making Housing Problem in Namibia

Question: Discuss about theContemporary Decision Making for Housing Problem in Namibia. Answer: Introduction The report discusses about the problems that arises in the housing policies and mapping them with the economic, environmental, health and social problems. A wide range of policy of housing and stakeholders analysis is done to find the problems and learn about them. There are many complexities associated with the housing, the house have a great deal of importance to the peoples life (Mulliner, Smallbone and Maliene 2013). There are many policies developed for housing and a wide range of agents can affect the changes of house and the policy might fail sometimes because there are limitation in understanding the policies and implementation in the right field. These incorporate the less income of the country and distribution of the income in the country is skewed and thus it results in a larger part of the population living in poverty. The people needs to enhance housing moderateness; utilizing housing development and the real estate business sector to animate financial development; and diminishing wellbeing disparities through housing mediations (Shapiro and Stefkovich 2016). Thus the new contemporary decision making approach is applied on the housing and research is done on the policies of equity, health and sustainability to integrate the quantitative and qualitative knowledge. The report discusses about understanding the complex system that links the housing, health and energy altogether and identifying their impact. Background There is a huge rise in price of the raw materials required for building the house and thus the overall cost of housing also increases. The increase in the price is analyzed using a system dynamic approach and is used in the multiple levels of pricing policy of housing. The market of real estate is much complex compared to any other market and the proper analysis is done on the supply of money, price of the construction material, liquidity, etc. The houses are a major source of emission of CFC gas and effective policies can be applied for the reduction of this emission. Policies can also be applied for finding alternative sources of energy and efficiently manage the GHG emission (Sidle et al. 2013). There are many complexities in the life of the people and there are agents who are responsible for the changing the house and making it an important area for the resistance of policy (Humphrey 2014). There are many other problems related to housing such as the rise in cost of the lands, l abor and specializations. The applied policy can be may have limitation to reach the objective or fail to obtain desired outcome because there are complex system of implementation. Cost is also an important factor for the designing the housing and maintaining the complex relationship with the public health issues. There are separate agenda of de-carbonization and different sector of the government are working to achieve the goal for housing (Jacobs and Manzi 2013). It includes the cost of the land and the demand of the raw materials is also increasing and the suppliers face a lot of problem in managing the system. New technique can be applied for decision making in housing. Research has been done or the creation and application of different policies for health, sustainability and equity and integrate them with the collaborative process of learning. Alternative policies can be designed and the system is described and converted to different levels. The system dynamic model has tools that can be used to study the complex factor in the system and helps in the dynamic modeling of the system. Principal Findings The housing prices are affected by two different factors and they are divided in two categories such as macro and micro. The macro factor affects the monetary policy and their roles in the housing policy. To find the inflation of the housing market the rates of the market are analyzed and the shares of the factors affecting the housing inflation are calculated. Utilizing participatory framework dynamic modeling a wide scope of industry, strategy, group and scholastic partners in the region of Namibia housing can be combined together. Setting up a prosperity structure for bearing in mind the strategies about housing that joins social, mental, natural, physical and monetary prosperity; cooperatively built up an underlying complex subjective framework elements model made up of seven segments (Kahrik, Leetmaa and Tammaru 2012). It is recognized as a common arrangement of principles in contradiction of which it can be quantified and looked at the future proposed architecture of the housin g proposal, paying little respect to the essential goal of those strategies (Bernroider and Schmollerl 2013). Past studies on the utilized framework flow demonstrating to comprehend particular parts of the housing framework, especially markets, development and moderateness. Likewise, there have been different studies which have surveyed a portion of the healthy outcomes of strategies to diminish the green house gas discharge from the house. The knowledge that is collaborative enabled the Namibian housing policy stakeholders and the architects associated with the plan to move further than the decision making focuses on the objective policy singly e.g: reduction of the carbon footprint and addressing the poverty in fuel (Cornforth and Brown 2013). The CLD or the casual loop diagram is applied for the demonstration of the utility of the contemporary decision making and also revealing the result of its participation. The housing provision, wellbeing and energy is understood as a complex system and it is the first step to identify the effective policy and information is collected according to the support the policy option that needs to be applied (Verschuere and De Corte 2014). Limitations The casual loop diagrams are valid for a limited period of time and they reflect the stakeholders knowledge combining it with some literature review. The CLD are designed to demonstrate the current process and the improvements that can be applied for the current practice for decision making of the Namibian housing (Sharma, Mithas and Kankanhalli 2014). Further research work is expected to examine the questioned and concurred connections uniting the finest accessible information and examination, going for a framework that backings replication and investigation choices instead of pointing the expectation. Implementation of the Research and Policy The application of CLD is discussed and the proposal of the stakeholders in the policy is impended and recommended. The successful de-carbonization of the Namibian housing stocks requires an establishment of the cross government group rapidly such that a meaningful system is developed that have thinking capability (Gauja 2015). The group is suggested to be supported with a committee that advises about the improvement of the policy. The community standards can be strengthened connecting it socially with the stakeholders. A major part of the map gives suggestion for the improvement of the tenure in the rental sector to strengthen the beneficial loop for de-carbonization and wellbeing (Hollihan and Baaske 2015). However there is a possibility that the mixed tenure would lead to an increase in the number of community connection. Problem Statement The housing prices are rapidly increasing in Namibia and if it is not controlled it would keep on increasing exponentially. Thus there is a need for future exploration regarding the factors affecting the rise in price of housing. The present strength of the housing strategy is utilized for connecting hypothetically the recognized activity in the causal loop diagram. The absence of loop acts as a feedback between the entities that distinguishing the range of energy efficiency in housing (MacDonald and Panayotakis 2016). It was proposed that it requires further examination. The average index of the materials required for construction are required to be calculated and the change in the requirement of the housing policy changes the connection of the feedback loops and permits the strategy designers to monitor the importance of the loops in this casual loop diagram. The casual loop diagram is used to exhibit the energy, land costing and the savings that can be made in the energy to increa se the efficiency of the housing (Wilkinson and Langston 2014). The conditions responsible for inflation like the rise in fuel price demand for the increase in the wage of the labor, are also a factor that accounts for the actual inflation. Improvement of generally concurred measurements to depict "quality" as it identifies with both houses and neighborhoods is likewise required. The main work in the project is to build a qualitative model for the housing and the evaluation of the participation of SDM and keeping the current model. A combined process is used for the evaluation that has a reflective view of the stakeholders associated with the project (Mesly and Bouchard 2016). The usefulness of house is evaluated assessing the changes in the work policy and considering the changes that takes place in project. The consciousness of the stakeholders and the priorities of the policy of the government is also evaluated in different interval of time. Small pieces of simulation model are used for the disputed relationship that is tested in a earning environment (Sharifi and Murayama 2013). The simulation model is an effective model for understanding the comparative strength of the feedback loops used in the design and analyzes the behavior to improve the decision making system (Kabir, Sadiq and Tesfamariam 2014). It is an iterative approach of simulation and further refinement is required for the replication of the representative policy that assess the dynamic effect on the policy criteria in future that is shared. The consequences of the dynamic modeling are brought together and the multi criteria decision making allows the stakeholders to outcome the values more explicitly and weighing the options for policy. Selection of the Methodology The system dynamic model is used for the selection of the methodology and involves it in the industry, academic, community and stakeholder policy that can explore the effects dynamically on the policy realistically in Namibia (Chaskin, Khare and Joseph 2012). The following characteristics should be consisted to SDM of the complex system. Inclusion of the interacting variables that can change according to time. The key driver of the behavior of the system and the pattern of interaction according to time. The interaction of the different variables is differentiated by strengthening loops that amplifies the system patterns dynamically consisting of balancing and behavior feedback loops (Hill 2016). Gathering of the stock that includes the information of the people, and the material resources and characterize the complexity of the system. The most important component is the time of a complex system and it causes an impact on the change in the variables at different rates and affects the relationship creating long and short term effect on the policy (Kolaja 2015). A general heuristic for the SDM approach uses the iteration that moves the desired outcomes for understanding the problems relating to the outcomes, development of the dynamic model of simulation, qualitative representation of the structure of the system, policy design and experimentation of the scenario (Standing 2014). Application of the Methodology We drew closer a sum of 52 associations and offices. More than 50 partners were enlisted, speaking to 37 associations. These contains 6 national government offices; 5 delegates as of neighborhood government; a gathering of 6 minority background of housing pioneers (group of back ground team); 14 non-government associations, 5 industry associations; and 8 scholarly organizations. A few stakeholders consist of more than one segment. Distinctive individuals from the partner gathering were spoken to amid the meeting stage and at the workshops (Ahmed 2015). The associations taking an interest at every stages have been recorded to exhibit the cooperation level and changing the members after a time interval. To identify and enroll the minority background housing activists there was a need of sustained effort for a greater amount of time. The gathering of 6 members met up taking after the principal workshop. We met 33 members crosswise over nationwide and nearby administration, construction, non-governmental associations, housing ventures and scholastic exploration. Among them 26 of the stakeholders worked in the primary workshop and a covering group of 26 who took an interest in the second workshop. In the middle of the two littler gatherings were met to pick up the particular contribution of the group roots bunch, which was gone to by six and five individuals, separately. Analysis and Results Ten principle topics were recognized as an aftereffect of the topical examination. These are portrayed, alongside their sub-subjects, in Table 1, which additionally depicts how frequently these topics were distinguished over every one of the meetings ("commonness") (Stewart 2015). The subjects secured parts of the physical way of houses; and describes the activities of the house that are assembled to create groups and with regards to other area utilizes; the connections amongst housing and more extensive frameworks, for example, demographics, property, urban arranging and work markets; and the impact of these on the members developments of prosperity as a thought (Duke and Thom 2014). The most normally and profoundly talked about topic identified with impacts on the vitality proficiency of houses. The strength of this topic mirrors the present Namibian arrangement that concentrates on housing, and maybe obvious given the members' learning about the provenance of the examination (Kabi r, Sadiq and Tesfamariam 2014). More astounding is the significance of the members set on neighborhoods and social prosperity, which is the second most usually examined topic from the meetings. Figure 1: Summary of model development process (Source: Created by author) Figure 2: Overview of the themes used in organizing the house, energy and wellbeing (Source: Created by author) Figure 3: Community connection and the physical quality of neighborhoods (Source: Created by author) The above casual loop diagrams represents the interaction between the variables that shows the analyses trend in the housing systems. The variables acts as a level for the measurement in respect to time while some of them also act as rates that affect the system. The connection between the variables are done using arrow or causal link and they combine to form a feedback loop. The feedback loops can be clockwise or anticlockwise, the clock wise loops are used to represent the effect on the system and how it would respond according to the time. The clock wise loop can reinforce the system and are named R and the anti-clock wise loops are used to balance the system and reduce the effect in respect to time and they are named B. R1: It is the physical quality that makes the peoples staying in the house R2: Actions and connections R3: Empowerment of the community R4: Improvement of the housing and helping the people to stay B1: Bonding unhelpful B2: Prejudice on undermine community organization Conclusion We have built up a far reaching framework model connecting housing, strength and poverty of the Namibian people to afford the housing. The system dynamic model is used to analyze the housing market in Namibia. Gathering different data of the Namibian market it can be concluded that high subsidies of the government are resulting in the increase in the price of the houses. But it does not effect on the increase in the nominal wage of the local workers and that leads to the decrease in the real wage. Thus it is recommended that the subsidies provided to the real estate developers should be decreased in the upcoming years to keep down the inflation and decrease the pricing of the house such that the people can afford it. Besides, the convenience of participatory SDM is discussed in the report and a communitarian learning procedure to encourage enhanced policymaking for housing. It can also coordinate a wide scope of results crosswise over prosperity, social and wellbeing value, and ecolo gical manageability. Further work is expected to accept the model, incorporate renovations to investigate future strategy alternatives and join SDM with other arrangement evaluation instruments, and additionally techniques to encourage shifts in the applied systems supporting approach, that would be essential for more beneficial more economical housing. References Ahmed, K.G., 2015. Investigating Relevancyof the Traditional Principle of the Right of Appropriation of Open Space and Finain Contemporary Urban Poor Communities in Cairo, Egypt.Journal of Architecture and Urbanism,39(4), pp.260-272. Bernroider, E.W. and Schmllerl, P., 2013. A technological, organisational, and environmental analysis of decision making methodologies and satisfaction in the context of IT induced business transformations.European Journal of Operational Research,224(1), pp.141-153. Chaskin, R., Khare, A. and Joseph, M., 2012. Participation, Deliberation, and Decision Making The Dynamics of Inclusion and Exclusion in Mixed-Income Developments.Urban Affairs Review,48(6), pp.863-906. Cornforth, C. and Brown, W.A., 2013.Nonprofit governance: Innovative perspectives and approaches. Routledge. Duke, K. and Thom, B., 2014. The role of evidence and the expert in contemporary processes of governance: The case of opioid substitution treatment policy in England.International Journal of Drug Policy,25(5), pp.964-971. Gauja, A., 2015. The individualisation of party politics: The impact of changing internal decision-making processes on policy development and citizen engagement.The British Journal of Politics and International Relations,17(1), pp.89-105. Hill, R.L., 2016. Factors Affecting College Choice and Transfer: A Study of the Decision-Making Process of Student Veterans. Hollihan, T.A. and Baaske, K.T., 2015.Arguments and arguing: The products and process of human decision making. Waveland Press. Humphrey, S., 2014. In the Crosshairs: The Role of the Local State in a Contemporary Process of Neighborhood Redevelopment in Central Illinois.Critical Planning,21(1). Jacobs, K. and Manzi, T., 2013. New localism, old retrenchment: The Big Society, housing policy and the politics of welfare reform.Housing, Theory and Society,30(1), pp.29-45. Kabir, G., Sadiq, R. and Tesfamariam, S., 2014. A review of multi-criteria decision-making methods for infrastructure management.Structure and Infrastructure Engineering,10(9), pp.1176-1210. Khrik, A., Leetmaa, K. and Tammaru, T., 2012. Residential decision-making and satisfaction among new suburbanites in the Tallinn urban region, Estonia.Cities,29(1), pp.49-58. Kolaja, J., 2015.A Polish factory: a case study of workers' participation in decision making. University Press of Kentucky. MacDonald, S.P. and Panayotakis, C., 2016. Insatiability and Crisis: Using Interdisciplinarity to Understand (And Denaturalize) Contemporary Humans. InInterdisciplinary Pedagogy for STEM(pp. 37-55). Palgrave Macmillan US. Mesly, O. and Bouchard, S., 2016. Predatory-Prey Decision Making During Market BubblesPreliminary Evidence from a Neurobiological Study.Journal of Behavioral Finance,17(3), pp.293-308. Mulliner, E., Smallbone, K. and Maliene, V., 2013. An assessment of sustainable housing affordability using a multiple criteria decision making method.Omega,41(2), pp.270-279. Shapiro, J.P. and Stefkovich, J.A., 2016.Ethical leadership and decision making in education: Applying theoretical perspectives to complex dilemmas. Routledge. Sharifi, A. and Murayama, A., 2013. Changes in the traditional urban form and the social sustainability of contemporary cities: A case study of Iranian cities.Habitat International,38, pp.126-134. Sharma, R., Mithas, S. and Kankanhalli, A., 2014. Transforming decision-making processes: a research agenda for understanding the impact of business analytics on organisations.European Journal of Information Systems,23(4), pp.433-441. Sidle, R.C., Benson, W.H., Carriger, J.F. and Kamai, T., 2013. Broader perspective on ecosystem sustainability: Consequences for decision making.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,110(23), pp.9201-9208. Standing, M., 2014.Clinical Judgement and Decision Making for Nursing Students. Learning Matters. Stewart, M.G., 2015. Risk and economic viability of housing climate adaptation strategies for wind hazards in southeast Australia.Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change,20(4), pp.601-622. Verschuere, B. and De Corte, J., 2014. The impact of public resource dependence on the autonomy of NPOs in their strategic decision making.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly,43(2), pp.293-313. Wilkinson, S.J. and Langston, C., 2014.Sustainable building adaptation: innovations in decision-making. John Wiley Sons.

Old West By Larry McMurtry Essays - Lonesome Dove Series

Old West By Larry McMurtry "Old West" LONESOME DOVE While Larry McMurtry honors certain mythical features of the "Old West," his epic, Lonesome Dove, is the quintessential representation of the realism of the "Old West." By contrast, mythic representations of the "Old West" tend to look absurd and silly. Stories such as the one portrayed in the film "True Grit" appear to be ridiculous because of their one-dimensional presentation of characters, including women; their passive, utopian environments; and their conveniently distinct depiction of good and evil. Larry McMurtry's Lonesome Dove presents characters not larger than life but complex, women who are not frightened and dependent, but self-sufficient and wise. "McMurtry is unfailing acute on the life of women in this man's world" (Clemons, Contemporary Literary Criticism 254). In mythic representations such as "True Grit" villains are not people with complicated backgrounds which cause their poor behavior. Nor are there Indians or black people in "True Grit" although the "Old West" was populated by them. "All of Mr. McMurtry's anti-mythic groundwork-his refusal to glorify the West-works to reinforce the strength of the traditionally mythic parts of Lonesome Dove by making it far more credible than the old familiar horse operas" (Lemann, Literary Criticism 257) such as "True Grit." In the film "True Grit" Rooster Cogburn typifies the preposterous qualities of a mythical United States Marshall. He acts alone in hunting down serious killers, but this is no problem because Rooster, even though a drunk, earlier has brought to justice a wagon-load of wrongdoers. Later, with the reins of his horse in his teeth, Rooster shoots all of his antagonists except for his arch enemy who shoots Rooster's horse out from under him. Just as the arch enemy, Robert Duvall, is about to shoot Rooster, from far away someone conveniently kills Duvall. Rooster is a man whose weaknesses never pull him down, because he is "larger than life" (Hirsch, E! Online 2). Rooster Cogburn is a character of mythical stature whose defects never prevent him from accomplishing his heroic deeds. Larry McMurtry's characters in his novel, Lonesome Dove, demonstrate actual "grit." While Augustus (Gus) McCrae is an indolent man, unlike Rooster Cogburn, Gus is not ashamed of his laziness. "It's a good thing that I ain't scairt' to be lazy" (McMurtry 9). Gus would rather have a whisky bottle in his hand than a shovel (Horn, Literary Criticism 255), but his crew forgives his weaknesses because they respect his heroic capabilities as an authentic, fierce fighter and loyal friend. Gus McCrae's former Texas Ranger partner , Captain Woodrow C. Call, proves himself a terrific leader and an excellent cowboy who at the same time lacks typical cowboy sociability. "He heads for the river because he is tired of hearing us yap, he ain't a sociable man and never was" (McMurtry 26). Unlike Rooster Cogburn, who always acts flamboyantly, Woodrow Call's personality changes dramatically because he is genuinely influenced by his circumstances. He is always the first to react to danger including anticipating poisonous snakes while on the trail, and occasionally saving his crew from harm. Call acts the part when needed. The "portrayal of McCrae and Call,...as both heroic and endearingly human,...particularly delighted critics" (Literary Criticism 253). The foolish humor in "True Grit" attempts to create the belief that a one-eyed, alcoholic man who falls off his horse can individually solve problems because he has "true grit." The gritty Rooster Cogburn lives with a little Chinese man and a cat which seems silly in the way it provides humorous relief. This is a common gimmick that film makers use who represent the "Old West" in a mythic way. Rooster's eating habits also characterize him comically. He often puts rock hard bacon bits into his mouth, even offering them to dainty women like Kim Darby who is shocked by the offer. Other aspects of humor arise when at the film's conclusion. Rooster rides away while improbably jumping over a fence in a manner of an agile young cowboy. In fact, Rooster is a cowboy cut-up whose drinking habits lead to...laughable incidents" throughout the film (Hirsch, E! 2). In contrast, reviewers praised Larry McMurtry's chronicle of cowboy life in the nineteenth century "as a humorous yet sincere tribute to the American West" (Literary Criticism 253). McMurtry provides his characters with realistic humor as when Woodrow reflects on his partnership with Gus: It's odd I partnered with a man like you, Call, Augustus said. If we was to meet now instead of when we did, I doubt we'd have two words to say to one another. Woodrow Call responded, I

Bellevue Mine Explosion, Crowsnest Pass, Alberta, December 9, 1910

Considering the contemporary situation in the coal mining industry, it is possible to state that not all processes are safe and not all mines are rescue for employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bellevue Mine Explosion, Crowsnest Pass, Alberta, December 9, 1910 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even the existence of the innovative technologies and gas detection techniques sill leave the chances for explosions and other incidents. What can be said about the beginning of the 20th century? Bellevue mine explosion took place in Crowsnest Pass, Alberta on December 9, 1910. This disaster carried away 31 lives, but the tragedy could influence more people as the normal worker compliment in the mine was 200 individuals. Having considered the situation in the mine and the conditions people worked at, it is possible to conclude that the disaster was manmade as no natural phenomena influenced the situation. The main idea of this paper is to consider the details of the explosion, check the main causes and influential factors and conclude whether it was possible to prevent the disaster and by means of which steps it could have been made. There have been a lot of different factors which pointed to the possibility of the event. Some of those were rather obvious, but no one paid attention to them. Workers and UMWA representatives pointed to the violation of the mine ventilation techniques many times. According to the norm, the main fan was aimed at producing 100,000 cubic feet of fresh air per minute while in reality it produced about 65,000 cubic feet of fresh air per minute. Inappropriate functioning of the fan resulted in its break in October 1910 for two hours, but the workers had to stay at their workplaces and continue working. The violation of the workers’ rights was one of the main signs that the mine owners did not care about the destiny of their employees, the increase in the production of coal was their main goal. The complaints of the union and demands to repair the ventilation were in vain. During the Thanksgiving Day the explosion occurred in the mine due to the impropriate ventilation and the inability of the gas flow out the mine.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After cleaning the mass, the mine continued working without any changes in the ventilation system (Price, 2007). An impropriate air supply and the absence of the desire from the mine owners to repair it are considered to be the reasons for the explosion in the mine. Careless attitude to the working people and to the simplest safety regulations also added to the problem. There was one more cause which may be related to the reasons for the explosion. According to the testimonies of John Oliphant, a former fireboss in the mine who resigned on 15th of September 1910, the mine plans did not correspon ded to the real situation. Thus, â€Å"the company’s mine plans were incorrectly drawn because at the place of large part of the coal seam had not been extracted, even though the plan showed that it had† (Bercuson, 1978, p. 223). The coal mine managers did not keep any statistics which could show how much coal was taken from the area. As a result, much amount of gas escaped from the taken coal. Thus, it was impossible to dwell upon safety at the workplace. Being the second reason for the explosion, this fact remained the central for the investigation of the case. The presence of the gas in the mine was refused by firebosses Powell and Anderson who testified two days before about the gas free mine condition (Bercuson, 1978). Considering the events which took place on the 10th of December 1910 and several days before, it may be concluded that no emergency planning had been in place before the disaster. But, isn’t it the main reasons for the occurrence of the disas ter? Many factors pointed to the existence of the problem, but the mine owners did not want to do anything. If some specific actions in the relation to the ventilation and the reduction of the gas had been provided, the explosion could have been avoided. Looking at the situation from different angles and considering the testimonies of different people, it is possible to conclude that the disaster could have been prevented. First of all, the reasons of the disaster point to negligent attitude to work and human life as whole. The mine owners have been told for many times about the problems which existed. Simple rules of safety at the workplace were violated. The repair of the ventilation, the perfect documentation and the appropriate reaction to the information about the smell of gas declared by some workers could eliminate the reasons for the disaster and prevent it. Furthermore, no one investigated the case of the explosion in October carefully. The absence of the victims influenced this as well.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bellevue Mine Explosion, Crowsnest Pass, Alberta, December 9, 1910 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modern technologies help determine the level of gas in the mine and provide other supportive techniques for preventing explosions and detecting gas, but the cases are still numerous. Considering the even in 1910, there were no innovative techniques and other issues, but, still the catastrophe could have been prevented. If the mine owners had managed to plan and carefully regulate the mining process, repair the ventilation and refer to the miners’ claims about the smell of gas, it could have prevented the disaster, as neither natural catastrophe nor human error had occurred. Safe working conditions could also contribute to the elimination of the causes of the event (Penuel, Statler, Golson, 2011, p. 421). There were many different risks both to the people and t he emergency personnel during and after the crisis. According to the information about the disaster, at about 8:00 a great explosion took place and â€Å"the blast forced the air out of the tunnels and it was replaced by the often fatal ‘after damp’† (Bellevue Explosion, n.d.). In other words, those who managed to be far from the centre of the explosion were not influenced by it, but, they appeared in the trap, when no fresh air could reach them (Laxton, 1846, p. 243). No one who was in the mine and tunnels had an opportunity to release from alive. The emergency personnel also run risks to die as there was no specific equipment which could help miners who still were alive. It should also be mentioned that the mine did not have mine rescue teams as well. A researcher in the coal-mining industry Fred Alderson died during the rescue operations when gave his breathing apparatus to a man who managed to climbed to the surface (Bellevue Explosion, n.d.). Thus, other rel ief crews were in danger when they worked on the mine trying to safe as many people from the trap as possible. This tragedy could not remain without attention. It influenced not only the Bellevue mine, but all the mines in Alberta region. The Bellevue mine remained closed for a year after the explosion. The ventilation was repaired along with the creation of the specific technique which allowed methane to leak to the surface via the drilled rock tunnels in the places of its accumulation.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the rescue stations appeared in the whole district that pointed to the fact that mine owners realised the necessity of creating safe working conditions and the emergency help in incidents. Crowsnest Pass Rescue Station #1 operated in the district. Being located in Blairmore, it could reach any region in the Pass. The government paid attention to the mining problems and created the mine rescue programs along with the mining companies (Bellevue Explosion, n.d.). Thus, it may be concluded that the tragedy which carried away the lives of 31 people made people improve the working conditions, pay more attention to the security, planning and control. These benefits are not the only which occurred in the mining industry. The tragedy showed that mining is one of the most dangerous professions. The experience gained while this event was used for the identification of the hazards in the industry and creating the possibilities improving the working conditions. Being a public safety co mmunications officer (911 operator), my role would be important. After receiving a call from the place of the disaster, I had to inform the rescue crew about it and direct those to the place of emergency. Then, I would consider the scope of work and analyse whether the send team was able to cope with the problem, I would send supportive teams, if necessary. The direction of the emergency, police and other departments responsible for the work with such disasters to the place would also be my responsibility. A public safety communications officer could do nothing specific to minimize the situation as there were nether appropriate conditions for rescue work, nor the necessary equipment. One of his/her duties could be the structuring of the work and trying to make the process as safe as possible. Thus, it may be concluded that there were many factors which provoked the occurrence of the disaster. At the same time, the communication systems could improve the reaction to the incident and direct the rescue crews. The existence of the rescue stations in the region could make the process of miners rescue faster and more efficient as the presence of the stations could mean the existence of the necessary equipment. The Bellevue mine explosion in 1910 showed the region that it was impossible to violate the safety on the mine without specific consequences. Moreover, the plans of the works and the control over the working process improved. At the same time, the court procedure which took place after the event showed that the government was not ready to control the mining industry and reduce the danger. The court decision stated that the mine owners were responsible for the case butt the government did nothing to punish them and the mine was opened in a year. However, the lessons learned by mans of the disaster made the authorities to think about human security and safety while working process. Reference List Bellevue Explosion—December 9, 1910. (n.d.) When Coal Was K ing. Web. Bercuson, D. (1978). Tragedy at Bellevue: anatomy of a mine disaster. Labour (Committee on Canadian Labour History), 221-231. Laxton, W. (1846). The Civil engineer and architect’s journal. New York: Fine arts library. Penuel, K. B., Statler, M., Golson, J. G. (2011). Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief. New York: SAGE. Price, B. (2007).1910 Bellevue Mine Explosion. Bellevue Underground Mine Tour. Web. This essay on Bellevue Mine Explosion, Crowsnest Pass, Alberta, December 9, 1910 was written and submitted by user Ximena Lowe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Examining The Dimensional View Of Pictures Theology Religion Essays

Examining The Dimensional View Of Pictures Theology Religion Essays Examining The Dimensional View Of Pictures Theology Religion Essay Examining The Dimensional View Of Pictures Theology Religion Essay we will be able to see it from a different visible radiation other than a chilling animal. The bookwus is portion of the Hamatsa ceremonial, but his function has deteriorated over clip. The bookwus s face is portrayed with a barbarian character and this is of high kernel that it is portrayed this manner. The bookwus might non be simply a wild animal that eats submerging psyches and brings them back to life in the winter for the dance season, but may be something more if we look at him in comparing to the other masks of the hamatsa. The bookwus s abandon appears to be similar to that of a immature young person who is being initiated into going a priest-doctor. A priest-doctor is a individual who tries to pass on with the religious universe. Thus one can deduce bookwus function in the hamatsa to be that of a priest-doctor as he is the who has control over the dead psyches. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kenney-mencher.com/pic_old/fertile_crescent_egypt/narmer_front_3150_3125BCE.jpg formal analysis Is the analysis of a work by discoursing its signifier such as its medium, form, lines, visible radiation, colour, texture and composing. 11 ) Name the rubric, day of the month, civilization and state of beginning of this work. Title: Victory Palette of Narmer besides called Palette of King Narmer Date: 3100-3000 BCE Culture: Egyptian State of Beginning: Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt 12 ) In your ain words, do a brief formal analysis of this work based on what you see. ( You should compose at least a full paragraph perchance longer to reply this inquiry. ) The pallet is carved in rock as the medium and it represents the triumphs of King Narmer [ Menes ] . We observe two caputs in the really upper part of the rock, carved elaborately with horns. It is inferred that these caputs represent the goddess Hathor. The male monarch seems to hold been finely carved and we observe a sense of 3D position and deepness in the Mace the male monarch is keeping and the male monarch himself. The techniques used to supply 3-dimensional position in this work is called alleviation where some parts of the picture undertaking out of the plane of the medium. The male monarch seems to be catching his captive by the cap, ready to nail him into pieces with his Mace. Under the male monarch, we already observe two prisoners, carved with great item. These prisoners both appear to be already slain by the King. We observe a bird keeping up a caput and inspecting the beheaded organic structure. The bird seems to stand for the temple of Horus. We besides observe the sa ndal carrier, who is non given much prominence. The male monarch seems to be the one ruling the rock carving proposing that he is all-in-all supreme leader. The medium used is hydrostone, while the types of forms that seem to be used in the figures consist of square forms and the figures are made to stand for existent worlds. Contour lines are used to stand for the curvatures of the male monarch, the bird, and the prisoners. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kenney-mencher.com/pic_old/fertile_crescent_egypt/babylonian_code_of_hammurabi_fr_susa_1780BCE_full.jpg contextual analysis Is the analysis of a work by discoursing its history, civilization, environment, and or background. 13 ) Name the rubric, day of the month, civilization and state of beginning of this work. Title: Stele of Hammurabi Date: 1780 BCE Culture: Babylonian State of Beginning: Mesopotamia 14 ) Do a contextual analysis of the above object. ( You should compose at least a full paragraph perchance longer to reply this inquiry. ) The Stele of Hammurabi is carved out of glistening black basalt. It displays the codification of Torahs of Hammurabi of Babylon. It was created in 1780 BCE, and rediscovered in 1901. We observe on the upper part the Sun God Shamash and Hammurabi, and the handing of a rod like object from Hammurabi to the Sun God. The codifications of Hammurabi represent the ancient Torahs of the Babylonian civilization. There are 282 Torahs in all that govern the Babylonian life and unite them. The text is known as cuneiform text. The stele was used to do certain people were treated the same manner under the set of Torahs. The stele represents one of Hammurabi s major accomplishments as a male monarch uniting all people under a set of Torahs that dealt with both belongings and commercialism. Hammurabi wished that the wealthy and aggressive did non keep back the others and that justness was served for one and all. As we observe from the stele, the Sun God has an eight-pointed Crown. This signifies that he is godly. The rod that he seems to be passing over is a symbol of upholding justness under the Sun God s counsel. The elamite encroachers took over this construction when they invaded Babylon in the twelfth century BCE.

The Concept of Organizational Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Concept of Organizational Leadership - Essay Example Second, leaders must be able to articulate that vision to other members of the team and to obtain their commitment to that objective. Thirdly, leaders must develop and implement a plan to attain that goal. Good leadership is a result of careful application of the skills. Leadership in the 21st Century requires a special skill set because of the changing pace of business, fluctuating market conditions, increased competition, and changes in the workforce. Successful leaders are vital to successful organizations, so it is imperative that today's leaders are skilled at using techniques that fit our changing world. Leadership also concerns listening, as well as making a real connect with other people. Leaders create followers. The duty of a leader is to support people to get things done. Leaders and followers are symmetrical because they need each other. They discover ways to make groups of followers, and with that, group they change a lot of things. After examining the evolution of leadership I realized that it demonstrated leadership in today's world requires more than the ability to manipulate data and manage people. To survive in the 21st century, we're going to need a new generation of leaders--leaders, not managers. These two managerial functions are certainly aspects of the commonly held views of traditional leadership, but to survive in today's world, leaders cannot rely only on managerial skills. To develop strong leadership, leaders need to think about their role in a more holistic sense by shifting away from traditional paradigms of leadership and employing a learning attitude within their leadership role. Holistic leadership requires using creative and critical thought as an agent of change. In the past 15 years, leadership has undergone tremendous change. The typical decision-making through the top-down corporate hierarchical structure has given way to organizational teams empowered with decision-making capabilities .I believe that creativity and critical thought play a key role in successful leadership. As companies become larger and more diverse, necessity dictates that leadership be a shared activity. Shifting the locus of control from a single individual to smaller groups of stakeholders ensures that the business will continue to expand and remain competitive. Consider the world of competitive sports as an example of team members working toward a common goal. The coach plays the role of team leader and each player uses his strength for the success of the team. Good leaders know that leadership is dynamic; every new experience provides opportunities for reflection, learning, and change. In athletics, the team works as a whole to practice for improvement. High performing teams are supportive and encouraging causing the creativity of the work environment to mature at warp speed. Effective leaders develop work teams to facilitate learning which leads to more rapid growth and change. As the para digm shifts from top down leadership to team leadership, change occurs. Senge's (1990) theory suggests that effective leadership combines five

Case consruction studies for civil engineering Essay

Case consruction studies for civil engineering - Essay Example Twenty-four others were injured, including 11 first responders eight remained hospitalized, officials said. (FOXNEWS Monday, March 17, 2008). This was just another heart wrecking and most unwelcome accident that happened in the construction industry. In an era of highly advanced science and technology as of now, we expect that deaths caused due to accidents at work sites, should be the least ever but survey reports and statistics show an increase directly proportional to the advancement in science and technology applied in the construction and civil engineering sector worldwide. Statistics from the UK Health and Safety Executive show that on average one or two people are killed every week as a result of construction work. Occupational ill-health, which can accumulate over time, accounts for further loss of life. What is health and safety In simple terms, health and safety is about identifying risks and eliminating or controlling them to prevent accidents and occupational ill-health. Even though it's inevitable that no job is free from any occupational hazards, measures can adopted to minimize the risks by eliminating or controlling the factors that give rise to unnecessary ones. What are the risks Statistics show that people falling from heights and objects falling from heights and strik... onal health problems arise from chemical hazards, such as liquid, dusts, gasses and fumes, or physical hazards such as cold, heat, noise, vibration, ionizing radiation, compressed air, lasers and manual handling. Why are good health and safety processes important Accidents and ill-health have both a human cost and a financial cost. Lost time and materials, higher insurance premiums, compensation claims and possibly legal costs are the most obvious potential impacts. There are also indirect costs in terms of potential damage to reputation which can make it harder for a company to attract business or new employees or for a project to obtain funding. Good health and safety processes demonstrate respect for people whether they are employees, clients or local communities hosting a construction project. Long-term health effects are usually slower to be realized but the costs and long-term implications can be far more significant than accidents and should not be underestimated. Construction has one of the highest rates of accidents and incidences of ill-health of all employment sectors. High risk activities, poor training and inadequate safeguards all contribute. It need not be this way. There are measures that can be taken to minimize the risks. Constructing a health and safety policy and program: This is a simple but effective strategic framework: 1. POLICY 2. ORGANISING 3. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION 4. MEASURING PERFORMANCE 5. REVIEWING PERFORMANCE Policy Every organization needs to draw up a statement of policy on how it will manage health and safety, including how responsibilities will be allocated. The policy should take into account the nature of the construction activities involved and the size of the organization. Organizing An adequately resourced and

Low Testosterone Levels in Relation to Depression Research Paper

Low Testosterone Levels in Relation to Depression - Research Paper Example This is because; serotonin is a neurotransmitter that relays messages from one region of the brain to the other (Gonzales, et al., 2002). Therefore, the levels of testosterone hormones in an individual, determine their levels of serotonin. It is observed that the older male individuals who have low levels of testosterone have also low levels of serotonin. Thus, with low levels of serotonin, the rate of transmission and relaying messages in the brain is lowered, making an individual less active (Berglund et al., 2011). The less activity of an individual increases their levels of anxiety and consequent low moods, which are symptoms associated with depression. Serotonin is known to influence a higher percentage of brain cells, mostly those related with moods, sexual desire, social behavior, memory and learning, as well as sleep (Devina, et al., 2010). When the serotonin levels in the body are low, the levels of activity in these brain cells are also low; an aspect that promotes low mood s, low memory and low social behaviors and interaction, which on the other hand promote depression. Therefore, whenever the brain cells are suppressed due to low activity or inactivity caused by the low serotonin levels, depression may arise, always preceded by stress as the preceptor of the brain cells (Carnahan & Perry, 2004). Therefore, it is observed that the relationship between testosterone levels and serotonin, have an influence on men’s depression. Depression is likely to be higher in women than men, until the age of 65, when the gender difference disappear, and the men become equally depressed as their female counterparts (Berglund et al., 2011). This is because, testosterone levels decreases with age in males, although the rate at which the decline... This research paper focuses on a positive relationship between testosterone levels and depression in men. Such effective relationship that is a main focus of the essay, takes the form of low testosterone levels triggering depression causative agents, such as anxiety, low social activity, anorexia and insomnia. As male individuals grow older, their testosterone levels decrease. The researcher provides a reference, that for men aged between 20-40 years, only 1% has a diagnosys for low testosterone levels. Therefore, men who are above the age of 55 years are observed to have a low level of testosterone hormones. Low testosterone levels are also observed to affect the Serotonin levels in the body and notably the brain, which in turn impacts on an individual body activity, moods and stress, causing depression. This has a large bearing not only on their psychological and emotional state but also may turn affects on their levels of depression. This essay also discusses the terminology and d escription of adult's depression itself. It is described that depression is likely to be higher in women than men, until the age of 65, when the gender difference disappear, and the men become equally depressed as their female counterparts. Therefore, testosterone treatment and replacement for men who does not respond to conventional depression therapy is highly recommended all over the world nowadays, though with a clear scrutiny into the likelihood of the testosterone replacement in causing cancer.

Effect of Print Media on Society and Social Change

Effect of Print Media on Society and Social Change How Far and in What Ways is it Reasonable to See the Development of Print as a Motor of Revolutionary Social Change? Abstract Print and the ways of presenting the written word have had a long history in which the ideas that were possible to be communicated through these written words profoundly influenced human history. The first movable type of print consisting of baked clay was developed in China in AD 1050. This was followed by the wooden movable type of print that was also invented in China in AD 1300. However, it was the invention of Gutenberg which brought together a number of technologies to bring about the first printing press which had a capability for conveniently and inexpensively bringing print to the masses. The Mid – 15th Century invention has since then assisted in bringing about profound and revolutionary changes in human societies and culture around the world. The development of print, which was by itself a revolution, made it possible for knowledge and ideas which had previously been the preserve of the privileged nobility to be brought to the masses. The media was born as a result of the invention of the print and this media not only brings culture and information into the private domain of individuals, but also sets societal standards, trends and a whole way of life through print advertising. Print made it possible for ideas to be discussed and a societal consensus to evolve as a result of these ideas being able to be communicated cheaply and effectively. Political revolutions, the evolution of science and technology, culture, religion and the interactions of humanity have all been profoundly influenced by print, which is still evolving from its earlier beginnings and has the capacity for inducing profound as well as revolutionary social change. This brief essay takes a look at how print can act as an agent for bringing about social change and also just how far print can go towards influencing such a change.   Contents (Jump to) Introduction The Capacity of the Print to Influence Revolutionary Social Change in the Future Conclusion Bibliography / References Introduction Ever since the Mid-15th Century when Gutenberg had discovered the idea of the first movable type printing press, the print media has profoundly shaped the world in which we live. Printing brought together the technologies of paper, oil based ink and the engraved lettering to quickly as well as cheaply make many copies of the content which was required to be printed. Although the written word had been discovered much earlier then the time of Gutenberg’s invention, its power and value had been limited because of the difficulties associated with its quick and inexpensive reproduction. Written manuscripts containing ideas, human knowledge and information had been very expensive and cumbersome to reproduce, limiting their access to the privileged and the noble classes with mostly oral traditions of communications being relied on. As a result of inventions such as the movable type and later the electronics communications technologies, humanity now lives in the information age when ideas abound and are communicated to millions instantly. The advent of electronics communications technologies has invariably propelled the print into a new light, making it easier to store, process and exchange information. Obviously, such capabilities expanded the breadth as well as the depth of thinking of an average individual and thus transformed the society in which they lived. Because the technologies associated with printing are constantly evolving, therefore, it is very likely that the evolution of these technologies will continue to have a revolutionary impact on the society at large. The invention of printing by itself was revolutionary and since its inception, the technology has continued to shape the world and humanity (Jones, 2000, Chapters 1 – 6), (White, 1979, Chapters 1 – 5) and (The University of Vermont, 2005, Complete). Literature related to history has indicated that printing profoundly influenced change in the Europe during the Middle Ages, assisting in bringing about the Reformation, Renaissance and the Scientific or Technological Revolutions. The Protestant Revolution and humanity’s change in the concept of the earth – centred to the sun – centred universe were also influenced by the print making it possible for the ideas to propagate. Print made it possible for the many millions to examine ideas, debate their usefulness and present their own views, resulting in a consensus being developed much more rapidly then would have been otherwise possible. A greater level of homogeneity was brought about then would have been otherwise possible. The print is something which could be understood and interpreted by humanity and its processing, reproduction, transmission or storage only assisted in making it more appealing or conveniently presentable to the mass audience. It is the conven ient and ready availability of sound ideas in print with a capacity for appealing to the mass logic which has the capacity for bringing about radical social change, if the ideas that are being presented in print are logically sound and appealing to the mass audience. It was the availability of information, ideas and the desire of the masses to be informed of these, along with their desire to have access to knowledge that was the birth of democracy. No longer was knowledge and wisdom in the sole custody of the privileged few and it was the collective will of all who could access as well as understand the print which determined the future of societies, cultures and nations. Nearly all political revolutions in the world after the Middle Age in Europe were made possible because there was the support of the masses which was pitted behind such changes and such support was only made possible because it was convenient to communicate through the print. Oral traditions had required a vastly s uperior effort and because of a limited capability for the oral message to be communicated to a large audience, societal decisions were made by a few. Even established religion benefited enormously from the capabilities of the print. Although the wine or olive oil screw type press had been in use in Europe much earlier then the invention of Gutenberg and block – print technology had been known of since the time of Marco Polo’s return to Europe from his travels to China at the end of the 13th century along with mass paper making techniques which produced paper that was considered to be too flimsy for use in books, it was Gutenberg’s invention that brought together many technologies to make print seriously feasible, opening up the way for a capacity to influence social change like it had never been possible before. The private experience that was made possible as a result of the print invariable led to the public expression of an individual’s personality, c haracter and beliefs which had been shaped by their private experiences (Eisenstein, 1979, Parts 1 and 2), (Eisenstein, 1993, Chapters 1 – 5) and (Briggs, 2001, Chapters 1 – 5). It was the development of the print which gave birth to the media which used print to bring culture and information into private spaces of individuals. In addition to bringing culture and information into the private spaces, the media also shaped society by presenting advertisements which prompted individuals to purchase, prefer a way of living, develop societal standards and highlight issues as well as setting trends. Having advertisements presented in print led to more print as more newspapers, magazines and journals were sold and print itself blended into the fabric of the society, transforming culture, thinking, values and expectations for the future. This domino effect also provided a vocation for many who are associated with the print industry and a new set of professions was introduced. It was print that assisted in the evolution of technology in general and the design of the new electronic communications media which is in the process of further changing societies (Dewar, 2000 , Complete), (Eisenstein, 1979, Parts 1 and 2) and (Eco, 1995, Pp 71 – 74). The history of the print had to be discussed in order to be able to make some sort of predictions about the future. The potential for bringing about revolutionary social changes in the future is still very much a possibility and it is worth investigating how print can influence and bring about social change. Technology and lifestyles are constantly changing and the way in which print technology influenced society is also evolving. Without the development of the print, humanity will be living in an oral society with its enforced illiteracy of the masses and the manipulation of the oral tradition or knowledge to suit the purposes of individuals or the state, as was the case in China prior to the development of the print. In such a society, the creation as well as the possession of knowledge is only restricted to the few creators of knowledge and there is a capacity for the masses to be fed what versions of oral truths that suited the political powers of the day. Development of exact sc iences, technology, logic and reason was, therefore, very much hindered in the oral society which emphasised more on rote memorising rather then an understanding of its knowledge (Dewar, 2000, Complete), (Eisenstein, 1979, Parts 1 and 2) and (Eco, 1995, Pp 71 – 74). In this brief essay, an attempt has been made to take a look at the development of print and its potential for as well as the manner of bringing about revolutionary social change in societies. The Capacity of the Print to Influence Revolutionary Social Change in the Future It is necessary to understand the historical influences of the print in bringing about revolutionary social change so that the future implications for social change can be considered. The history which has been discussed in the introduction to this essay was presented with this concept in mind. The modern educational systems around the world, the production of books, the growth of the literati culture and the popular culture are all made possible because printing and the economic reproduction of the written word is possible. Books on a subject have to accumulate in order to make a difference and these books must be logically correct and present the truth in order to be of lasting value. The ideas that are presented in print are still subject to criticism, debate, investigation and understanding prior to acceptance. Advances in technologies which continue to make the production of print easier, faster and more economical also attempt to present the print in more innovative ways. These technologies also free up humans to try and produce better quality of print and to try to understand the message instead of devoting more time to the production of the message. In developed societies, it is not just the print which counts but the quality of the ideas in print that are of the greatest importance. The qualities of ideas that are presented and recorded in print determine the state of intellectual development of the society and its capacity for improvement as well as gaining an edge over other societies. Some print is very highly regarded because it represents the essence of human knowledge, understanding or universal truths. Encyclopaedias, handbooks, the Scriptures and standard texts represent the print which the society has accepted as being of timeless importance after much debate, criticism and consternation. Often, the knowledge stored in print in these important books will represent the culmination of great struggles, triumphs of understanding, conflict and even bloodshed. However, print represents ideas and the truths which have to be utilised in order to be of benefit. The print must be of importance and it should be given importance for the benefits of the print to become available. Respecting print means that the ideas, knowledge and truths that are contained in the print are being respected, considered, given importance to and are held as being profoundly important for the individual, humanity and the society. Giving respect to the Holy book does not mean that there is respect for the paper, ink or the quality of craftsmanship but that there is respect for ideas. Hence, unless the print is capable of producing ideas which are accepted as being profound, important and of significance for the future, the capacity of the print to bring about revolutionary change is restricted. Therefore, a progressive society which has the capacity for benefiting from revolutionary change must also have a system for producing the ideas which are of profo und importance. These ideas must then be held as being important and acted upon or implemented into practical realities. Unless the message which is considered to be of importance is transformed into practical reality by a society, the society cannot benefit from the message or the ideas and hence the print itself is not able to induce change. In the context of social change, there has to be a requirement for change which is embodied in a vision of something better and this vision must be sufficiently appealing to the many, or to those who are important in the society, for the vision to be attempted to be transformed into practical reality by committing resources, effort, taking the risks involved in change, going against the established order, getting organised or the pitting of an organised movement against tyranny to produce change. A developed society has to have a system for using print to disseminate or generate ideas, conduct discussions and a scrutiny of these ideas. There h as to be a constant desire to have something better and to transform ideas into practical realities. Print can act as a vehicle for conveying ideas and their wider scrutiny but print by itself is important because it can do this in an economical, effective and appealing manner in order to effectively make the ideas available to the many (Jones, 2000, Chapters 1 – 6), (McGINN, 1991, Chapters 1 – 4) and ( Dewar, 2000, Complete). Although the basic reason behind the importance of print and its capacity for influencing change are the ideas that are contained in the print, the manner in which the print can be presented, communicated, stored, manipulated and the knowledge which is considered to be of importance retrieved from the print is also constantly being influenced by the force of ideas and changing. The capability of presenting the printed word as a sequence of signals in a computer and its rapid manipulation has made it possible for the society to consider and develop ideas much more rapidly then it was previously possible. This capacity has been of great benefit to the society but it has also had an impact on the printing of ideas on paper. Print on paper must now coexist with print as an electrical signal and the society has progressed sufficiently for the rapid and cheap transformation of the print on paper to the electronic print to be made possible. Hence, centralised printing presses are now still useful but they are being challenged by the distributed printing presses which are capable of quickly transforming the electronically stored print into print on paper when required. A cheap printer connected to a computer which is linked to the World Wide Web has the capacity for tapping into a huge reservoir of ideas and the human repository of knowledge. These ideas can be selectively printed as required on paper for the convenience of the human users. The larger press is used for printing material for which there is a confirmed demand and it is very likely that in the future all kinds of books will be downloaded from websites when and if required to be viewed on small or computerised portable reading equipment. The price of such computer equipment which need not be as sophisticated as a laptop computer, but which can also integrate a lot of other functions into it such as the communication function and the entertainment function is progressively declining. This does not mean that the printing press is likely to become idle, because humanity has a requirement for all kinds of packing, wrapping and informative material which is in constant demand. However, it is very likely that the high value added print material will be preferred in the electronic format and stored on web servers or the CD – ROM to be downloaded when required for payment by electronic means. The benefits of purchasing a book in the electronic format are much superior to having a published book on paper. New editions can be rapidly produced and information in the electronic book readily manipulated. This is already happening and the only reason why individuals still prefer to read paper books is because the display technologies which provide the written word in human readable form need to be improved and made more affordable. That this is happening is the beginning of another social revolution which is likely to gain momentum with time. Hence, humanity is moving towards an age in whic h there will be far fewer books in the paper print form and very many web repositories from which electronic books, newspapers and magazines can be downloaded. There is likely to be an emphasis on having small portable devices which will have the telecommunications capabilities and pleasant displays that are affordable. Such devices can usher in a new social revolution. Such a social revolution is not likely to be bad because the dwindling global forests require new attempts to conserve energy and reduce waste. A burgeoning repository of human knowledge means that permitting rapid access and manipulation of the electronic print is required. This, however, does not mean that there is not going to be a demand for the editors, the creative writers, researchers, scientists, technologists and philosophers etc who generate the content which could previously have been printed on paper only. There is in fact likely to be a greater demand for such creative individuals, especially those who a re capable of producing quality. The creative content industry will continue to boom and there will be a greater demand for good content because content will still be king. It is very likely that even schooling will be more distributed with pupils being able to download their lessons from a server rather then physically carrying backpacks of books to school. Universities will become more of a place for conducting research and generating new content then a place for disseminating this content through print on paper. The transmission of knowledge through the vastness of the globe and even into space and under the ocean will become an instantaneous affair rather then requiring the transportation of huge piles of bulky paper across the vastness of oceans, on ships, for the force of ideas and enlightenment to be unleashed in a dark region of the world. Language and the printed word, or rather the represented word is still important because this is what humans understand. However, the nee d to print this word on paper will be diminished. It is all a question of economics and developing newer and more capable computerised devices is gradually changing the way humans live. Sufficiently reduce the cost of portable computing equipment, software as well as the cost of telecommunications and the revolution will be very much accelerated. It is surprising that many publishers have not taken up the challenge and produced important books which can be downloaded from web stores. This most certainly has something to do with the price an individual has to pay for the right viewing hardware for electronic text. Widespread adoption of such hardware is also limited by its fragility and complexity. Young children and many elderly individuals can find it difficult to operate viewers of electronic text and hence prefer the printed word. Perhaps there is a need for the invention of a cheap device with the human / computer interface vastly simplified for the purpose of reading and intera cting with the electronic text. A new revolution is certainly possible and it is very likely already happening, in which humanity will live in a world without the printed book (Dewar, 2000, Complete) and (Smith, 1994, Chapters 1 – 4). Revolutionary social changes have always depended on the force of ideas which used to be conveyed through the print after an age of the oral tradition. However, the printed word on paper is now becoming rather inconvenient as a medium for transmitting and disseminating these ideas and humanity has found more convenient ways for doing this. However, for revolutionary social change to be possible there has to be a need for change, merit in the ideas and a capacity to topple the existing order or norms of the society. History has indicated that despite the force and the might of tyranny, it is the soundness of ideas and their appeal to the masses which are the engines for change. Hence, ideas presented through the written language must be widely available and considered to be important by the masses for revolutionary social change to take place. Because of the high cost of the computing equipment and the complexities involved in its operation as well as the fragility of the equipment, s uch equipment is still in the process of gaining a wider acceptance. Costs associated with communications and a decent bandwidth for telecommunications is also another deterrent. It will still take some time for the full effects of the information age to become apparent and there will be many unintended consequences of change in this age. However it is very likely that in the future, the print media will give way to the electronic text viewers / communicators as the most widely means for distributing these ideas and conducting social debates on them. Humanity has indeed come a long way since the invention of the printing press (Briggs, 2001, Chapters 1 – 5) and (Cooper, 2004, Complete). Conclusion The print media has contributed very significantly to bringing about social change since the invention of the Gutenberg printing press. The renaissance, the scientific revolution and many other political revolutions benefited from the capability of the print to cheaply and conveniently disseminate ideas. It was, however, the force of these ideas which was behind the revolutions and the print acted by accelerating the dissemination, debate and acceptance of ideas, something which was not possible to be done in the oral tradition. 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J.R.R. Tolkien :: Biography

J.R.R. Tolkien led an interesting life because he had many traumatizing experiences as a child. Did these experiences effect his writing or was he just an imaginative adult or was he a child in a grown mans body? That is what we are going to explore in this paper. By the time I am done you will believe that this man was a traumatized child. The many experiences that he had during long his life were very dramatic. They would have made even the toughest of children have problems later on in life. From my own experiences through my own life I can kind of relate to this man. The experiences that I have had have been pretty dramatic, but nothing like his. By reading what happened to him, I know from what I have read about him that he had to be traumatized as an adult. Before J.R.R. was born, his father, whose name was Arthur, worked for a very well known and prosperous bank in England. In an effort to cut back and make more money the bank fired him. Arthur was courting a young woman, by the name of Mabel, but before he could marry her he had to prove to Mabel’s father that he was going to be able to support her for the rest of her life. While looking for a job as a bank clerk he looked to the colonies of England, and he found a job in a bank in South Africa as a financial clerk. When he had established himself in the bank he sent for Mabel. They were married in 1981 in a Catholic Church in South Africa. The town in which they lived was called Bloemfontein, South Africa. This was where they wanted their children to grow up. J.R.R. was born on January, 31 1892 in South Africa. His birth name was John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. His younger brother, Hilary Arthur Reuel Tolkien, was born two years later on February 17, 1894. They were raised in a Catholic family. When J.R.R was three years of age, in 1895, his mother, brother, and he went back to Birmingham England to meet his grandparents. The reason Arthur did not go was that he was sick with yellow fever and he was going to wait till he was better to make the long sea voyage to England. This voyage was usually not easy for even the healthy passengers, so it was wise to stay behind.