Bellevue Mine Explosion, Crowsnest Pass, Alberta, December 9, 1910

Considering the contemporary situation in the coal mining industry, it is possible to state that not all processes are safe and not all mines are rescue for employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bellevue Mine Explosion, Crowsnest Pass, Alberta, December 9, 1910 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even the existence of the innovative technologies and gas detection techniques sill leave the chances for explosions and other incidents. What can be said about the beginning of the 20th century? Bellevue mine explosion took place in Crowsnest Pass, Alberta on December 9, 1910. This disaster carried away 31 lives, but the tragedy could influence more people as the normal worker compliment in the mine was 200 individuals. Having considered the situation in the mine and the conditions people worked at, it is possible to conclude that the disaster was manmade as no natural phenomena influenced the situation. The main idea of this paper is to consider the details of the explosion, check the main causes and influential factors and conclude whether it was possible to prevent the disaster and by means of which steps it could have been made. There have been a lot of different factors which pointed to the possibility of the event. Some of those were rather obvious, but no one paid attention to them. Workers and UMWA representatives pointed to the violation of the mine ventilation techniques many times. According to the norm, the main fan was aimed at producing 100,000 cubic feet of fresh air per minute while in reality it produced about 65,000 cubic feet of fresh air per minute. Inappropriate functioning of the fan resulted in its break in October 1910 for two hours, but the workers had to stay at their workplaces and continue working. The violation of the workers’ rights was one of the main signs that the mine owners did not care about the destiny of their employees, the increase in the production of coal was their main goal. The complaints of the union and demands to repair the ventilation were in vain. During the Thanksgiving Day the explosion occurred in the mine due to the impropriate ventilation and the inability of the gas flow out the mine.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More After cleaning the mass, the mine continued working without any changes in the ventilation system (Price, 2007). An impropriate air supply and the absence of the desire from the mine owners to repair it are considered to be the reasons for the explosion in the mine. Careless attitude to the working people and to the simplest safety regulations also added to the problem. There was one more cause which may be related to the reasons for the explosion. According to the testimonies of John Oliphant, a former fireboss in the mine who resigned on 15th of September 1910, the mine plans did not correspon ded to the real situation. Thus, â€Å"the company’s mine plans were incorrectly drawn because at the place of large part of the coal seam had not been extracted, even though the plan showed that it had† (Bercuson, 1978, p. 223). The coal mine managers did not keep any statistics which could show how much coal was taken from the area. As a result, much amount of gas escaped from the taken coal. Thus, it was impossible to dwell upon safety at the workplace. Being the second reason for the explosion, this fact remained the central for the investigation of the case. The presence of the gas in the mine was refused by firebosses Powell and Anderson who testified two days before about the gas free mine condition (Bercuson, 1978). Considering the events which took place on the 10th of December 1910 and several days before, it may be concluded that no emergency planning had been in place before the disaster. But, isn’t it the main reasons for the occurrence of the disas ter? Many factors pointed to the existence of the problem, but the mine owners did not want to do anything. If some specific actions in the relation to the ventilation and the reduction of the gas had been provided, the explosion could have been avoided. Looking at the situation from different angles and considering the testimonies of different people, it is possible to conclude that the disaster could have been prevented. First of all, the reasons of the disaster point to negligent attitude to work and human life as whole. The mine owners have been told for many times about the problems which existed. Simple rules of safety at the workplace were violated. The repair of the ventilation, the perfect documentation and the appropriate reaction to the information about the smell of gas declared by some workers could eliminate the reasons for the disaster and prevent it. Furthermore, no one investigated the case of the explosion in October carefully. The absence of the victims influenced this as well.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bellevue Mine Explosion, Crowsnest Pass, Alberta, December 9, 1910 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Modern technologies help determine the level of gas in the mine and provide other supportive techniques for preventing explosions and detecting gas, but the cases are still numerous. Considering the even in 1910, there were no innovative techniques and other issues, but, still the catastrophe could have been prevented. If the mine owners had managed to plan and carefully regulate the mining process, repair the ventilation and refer to the miners’ claims about the smell of gas, it could have prevented the disaster, as neither natural catastrophe nor human error had occurred. Safe working conditions could also contribute to the elimination of the causes of the event (Penuel, Statler, Golson, 2011, p. 421). There were many different risks both to the people and t he emergency personnel during and after the crisis. According to the information about the disaster, at about 8:00 a great explosion took place and â€Å"the blast forced the air out of the tunnels and it was replaced by the often fatal ‘after damp’† (Bellevue Explosion, n.d.). In other words, those who managed to be far from the centre of the explosion were not influenced by it, but, they appeared in the trap, when no fresh air could reach them (Laxton, 1846, p. 243). No one who was in the mine and tunnels had an opportunity to release from alive. The emergency personnel also run risks to die as there was no specific equipment which could help miners who still were alive. It should also be mentioned that the mine did not have mine rescue teams as well. A researcher in the coal-mining industry Fred Alderson died during the rescue operations when gave his breathing apparatus to a man who managed to climbed to the surface (Bellevue Explosion, n.d.). Thus, other rel ief crews were in danger when they worked on the mine trying to safe as many people from the trap as possible. This tragedy could not remain without attention. It influenced not only the Bellevue mine, but all the mines in Alberta region. The Bellevue mine remained closed for a year after the explosion. The ventilation was repaired along with the creation of the specific technique which allowed methane to leak to the surface via the drilled rock tunnels in the places of its accumulation.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the rescue stations appeared in the whole district that pointed to the fact that mine owners realised the necessity of creating safe working conditions and the emergency help in incidents. Crowsnest Pass Rescue Station #1 operated in the district. Being located in Blairmore, it could reach any region in the Pass. The government paid attention to the mining problems and created the mine rescue programs along with the mining companies (Bellevue Explosion, n.d.). Thus, it may be concluded that the tragedy which carried away the lives of 31 people made people improve the working conditions, pay more attention to the security, planning and control. These benefits are not the only which occurred in the mining industry. The tragedy showed that mining is one of the most dangerous professions. The experience gained while this event was used for the identification of the hazards in the industry and creating the possibilities improving the working conditions. Being a public safety co mmunications officer (911 operator), my role would be important. After receiving a call from the place of the disaster, I had to inform the rescue crew about it and direct those to the place of emergency. Then, I would consider the scope of work and analyse whether the send team was able to cope with the problem, I would send supportive teams, if necessary. The direction of the emergency, police and other departments responsible for the work with such disasters to the place would also be my responsibility. A public safety communications officer could do nothing specific to minimize the situation as there were nether appropriate conditions for rescue work, nor the necessary equipment. One of his/her duties could be the structuring of the work and trying to make the process as safe as possible. Thus, it may be concluded that there were many factors which provoked the occurrence of the disaster. At the same time, the communication systems could improve the reaction to the incident and direct the rescue crews. The existence of the rescue stations in the region could make the process of miners rescue faster and more efficient as the presence of the stations could mean the existence of the necessary equipment. The Bellevue mine explosion in 1910 showed the region that it was impossible to violate the safety on the mine without specific consequences. Moreover, the plans of the works and the control over the working process improved. At the same time, the court procedure which took place after the event showed that the government was not ready to control the mining industry and reduce the danger. The court decision stated that the mine owners were responsible for the case butt the government did nothing to punish them and the mine was opened in a year. However, the lessons learned by mans of the disaster made the authorities to think about human security and safety while working process. Reference List Bellevue Explosion—December 9, 1910. (n.d.) When Coal Was K ing. Web. Bercuson, D. (1978). Tragedy at Bellevue: anatomy of a mine disaster. Labour (Committee on Canadian Labour History), 221-231. Laxton, W. (1846). The Civil engineer and architect’s journal. New York: Fine arts library. Penuel, K. B., Statler, M., Golson, J. G. (2011). Encyclopedia of Disaster Relief. New York: SAGE. Price, B. (2007).1910 Bellevue Mine Explosion. Bellevue Underground Mine Tour. Web. This essay on Bellevue Mine Explosion, Crowsnest Pass, Alberta, December 9, 1910 was written and submitted by user Ximena Lowe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Examining The Dimensional View Of Pictures Theology Religion Essays

Examining The Dimensional View Of Pictures Theology Religion Essays Examining The Dimensional View Of Pictures Theology Religion Essay Examining The Dimensional View Of Pictures Theology Religion Essay we will be able to see it from a different visible radiation other than a chilling animal. The bookwus is portion of the Hamatsa ceremonial, but his function has deteriorated over clip. The bookwus s face is portrayed with a barbarian character and this is of high kernel that it is portrayed this manner. The bookwus might non be simply a wild animal that eats submerging psyches and brings them back to life in the winter for the dance season, but may be something more if we look at him in comparing to the other masks of the hamatsa. The bookwus s abandon appears to be similar to that of a immature young person who is being initiated into going a priest-doctor. A priest-doctor is a individual who tries to pass on with the religious universe. Thus one can deduce bookwus function in the hamatsa to be that of a priest-doctor as he is the who has control over the dead psyches. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kenney-mencher.com/pic_old/fertile_crescent_egypt/narmer_front_3150_3125BCE.jpg formal analysis Is the analysis of a work by discoursing its signifier such as its medium, form, lines, visible radiation, colour, texture and composing. 11 ) Name the rubric, day of the month, civilization and state of beginning of this work. Title: Victory Palette of Narmer besides called Palette of King Narmer Date: 3100-3000 BCE Culture: Egyptian State of Beginning: Hierakonpolis, Upper Egypt 12 ) In your ain words, do a brief formal analysis of this work based on what you see. ( You should compose at least a full paragraph perchance longer to reply this inquiry. ) The pallet is carved in rock as the medium and it represents the triumphs of King Narmer [ Menes ] . We observe two caputs in the really upper part of the rock, carved elaborately with horns. It is inferred that these caputs represent the goddess Hathor. The male monarch seems to hold been finely carved and we observe a sense of 3D position and deepness in the Mace the male monarch is keeping and the male monarch himself. The techniques used to supply 3-dimensional position in this work is called alleviation where some parts of the picture undertaking out of the plane of the medium. The male monarch seems to be catching his captive by the cap, ready to nail him into pieces with his Mace. Under the male monarch, we already observe two prisoners, carved with great item. These prisoners both appear to be already slain by the King. We observe a bird keeping up a caput and inspecting the beheaded organic structure. The bird seems to stand for the temple of Horus. We besides observe the sa ndal carrier, who is non given much prominence. The male monarch seems to be the one ruling the rock carving proposing that he is all-in-all supreme leader. The medium used is hydrostone, while the types of forms that seem to be used in the figures consist of square forms and the figures are made to stand for existent worlds. Contour lines are used to stand for the curvatures of the male monarch, the bird, and the prisoners. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.kenney-mencher.com/pic_old/fertile_crescent_egypt/babylonian_code_of_hammurabi_fr_susa_1780BCE_full.jpg contextual analysis Is the analysis of a work by discoursing its history, civilization, environment, and or background. 13 ) Name the rubric, day of the month, civilization and state of beginning of this work. Title: Stele of Hammurabi Date: 1780 BCE Culture: Babylonian State of Beginning: Mesopotamia 14 ) Do a contextual analysis of the above object. ( You should compose at least a full paragraph perchance longer to reply this inquiry. ) The Stele of Hammurabi is carved out of glistening black basalt. It displays the codification of Torahs of Hammurabi of Babylon. It was created in 1780 BCE, and rediscovered in 1901. We observe on the upper part the Sun God Shamash and Hammurabi, and the handing of a rod like object from Hammurabi to the Sun God. The codifications of Hammurabi represent the ancient Torahs of the Babylonian civilization. There are 282 Torahs in all that govern the Babylonian life and unite them. The text is known as cuneiform text. The stele was used to do certain people were treated the same manner under the set of Torahs. The stele represents one of Hammurabi s major accomplishments as a male monarch uniting all people under a set of Torahs that dealt with both belongings and commercialism. Hammurabi wished that the wealthy and aggressive did non keep back the others and that justness was served for one and all. As we observe from the stele, the Sun God has an eight-pointed Crown. This signifies that he is godly. The rod that he seems to be passing over is a symbol of upholding justness under the Sun God s counsel. The elamite encroachers took over this construction when they invaded Babylon in the twelfth century BCE.

The Concept of Organizational Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Concept of Organizational Leadership - Essay Example Second, leaders must be able to articulate that vision to other members of the team and to obtain their commitment to that objective. Thirdly, leaders must develop and implement a plan to attain that goal. Good leadership is a result of careful application of the skills. Leadership in the 21st Century requires a special skill set because of the changing pace of business, fluctuating market conditions, increased competition, and changes in the workforce. Successful leaders are vital to successful organizations, so it is imperative that today's leaders are skilled at using techniques that fit our changing world. Leadership also concerns listening, as well as making a real connect with other people. Leaders create followers. The duty of a leader is to support people to get things done. Leaders and followers are symmetrical because they need each other. They discover ways to make groups of followers, and with that, group they change a lot of things. After examining the evolution of leadership I realized that it demonstrated leadership in today's world requires more than the ability to manipulate data and manage people. To survive in the 21st century, we're going to need a new generation of leaders--leaders, not managers. These two managerial functions are certainly aspects of the commonly held views of traditional leadership, but to survive in today's world, leaders cannot rely only on managerial skills. To develop strong leadership, leaders need to think about their role in a more holistic sense by shifting away from traditional paradigms of leadership and employing a learning attitude within their leadership role. Holistic leadership requires using creative and critical thought as an agent of change. In the past 15 years, leadership has undergone tremendous change. The typical decision-making through the top-down corporate hierarchical structure has given way to organizational teams empowered with decision-making capabilities .I believe that creativity and critical thought play a key role in successful leadership. As companies become larger and more diverse, necessity dictates that leadership be a shared activity. Shifting the locus of control from a single individual to smaller groups of stakeholders ensures that the business will continue to expand and remain competitive. Consider the world of competitive sports as an example of team members working toward a common goal. The coach plays the role of team leader and each player uses his strength for the success of the team. Good leaders know that leadership is dynamic; every new experience provides opportunities for reflection, learning, and change. In athletics, the team works as a whole to practice for improvement. High performing teams are supportive and encouraging causing the creativity of the work environment to mature at warp speed. Effective leaders develop work teams to facilitate learning which leads to more rapid growth and change. As the para digm shifts from top down leadership to team leadership, change occurs. Senge's (1990) theory suggests that effective leadership combines five

Case consruction studies for civil engineering Essay

Case consruction studies for civil engineering - Essay Example Twenty-four others were injured, including 11 first responders eight remained hospitalized, officials said. (FOXNEWS Monday, March 17, 2008). This was just another heart wrecking and most unwelcome accident that happened in the construction industry. In an era of highly advanced science and technology as of now, we expect that deaths caused due to accidents at work sites, should be the least ever but survey reports and statistics show an increase directly proportional to the advancement in science and technology applied in the construction and civil engineering sector worldwide. Statistics from the UK Health and Safety Executive show that on average one or two people are killed every week as a result of construction work. Occupational ill-health, which can accumulate over time, accounts for further loss of life. What is health and safety In simple terms, health and safety is about identifying risks and eliminating or controlling them to prevent accidents and occupational ill-health. Even though it's inevitable that no job is free from any occupational hazards, measures can adopted to minimize the risks by eliminating or controlling the factors that give rise to unnecessary ones. What are the risks Statistics show that people falling from heights and objects falling from heights and strik... onal health problems arise from chemical hazards, such as liquid, dusts, gasses and fumes, or physical hazards such as cold, heat, noise, vibration, ionizing radiation, compressed air, lasers and manual handling. Why are good health and safety processes important Accidents and ill-health have both a human cost and a financial cost. Lost time and materials, higher insurance premiums, compensation claims and possibly legal costs are the most obvious potential impacts. There are also indirect costs in terms of potential damage to reputation which can make it harder for a company to attract business or new employees or for a project to obtain funding. Good health and safety processes demonstrate respect for people whether they are employees, clients or local communities hosting a construction project. Long-term health effects are usually slower to be realized but the costs and long-term implications can be far more significant than accidents and should not be underestimated. Construction has one of the highest rates of accidents and incidences of ill-health of all employment sectors. High risk activities, poor training and inadequate safeguards all contribute. It need not be this way. There are measures that can be taken to minimize the risks. Constructing a health and safety policy and program: This is a simple but effective strategic framework: 1. POLICY 2. ORGANISING 3. PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTATION 4. MEASURING PERFORMANCE 5. REVIEWING PERFORMANCE Policy Every organization needs to draw up a statement of policy on how it will manage health and safety, including how responsibilities will be allocated. The policy should take into account the nature of the construction activities involved and the size of the organization. Organizing An adequately resourced and

Low Testosterone Levels in Relation to Depression Research Paper

Low Testosterone Levels in Relation to Depression - Research Paper Example This is because; serotonin is a neurotransmitter that relays messages from one region of the brain to the other (Gonzales, et al., 2002). Therefore, the levels of testosterone hormones in an individual, determine their levels of serotonin. It is observed that the older male individuals who have low levels of testosterone have also low levels of serotonin. Thus, with low levels of serotonin, the rate of transmission and relaying messages in the brain is lowered, making an individual less active (Berglund et al., 2011). The less activity of an individual increases their levels of anxiety and consequent low moods, which are symptoms associated with depression. Serotonin is known to influence a higher percentage of brain cells, mostly those related with moods, sexual desire, social behavior, memory and learning, as well as sleep (Devina, et al., 2010). When the serotonin levels in the body are low, the levels of activity in these brain cells are also low; an aspect that promotes low mood s, low memory and low social behaviors and interaction, which on the other hand promote depression. Therefore, whenever the brain cells are suppressed due to low activity or inactivity caused by the low serotonin levels, depression may arise, always preceded by stress as the preceptor of the brain cells (Carnahan & Perry, 2004). Therefore, it is observed that the relationship between testosterone levels and serotonin, have an influence on men’s depression. Depression is likely to be higher in women than men, until the age of 65, when the gender difference disappear, and the men become equally depressed as their female counterparts (Berglund et al., 2011). This is because, testosterone levels decreases with age in males, although the rate at which the decline... This research paper focuses on a positive relationship between testosterone levels and depression in men. Such effective relationship that is a main focus of the essay, takes the form of low testosterone levels triggering depression causative agents, such as anxiety, low social activity, anorexia and insomnia. As male individuals grow older, their testosterone levels decrease. The researcher provides a reference, that for men aged between 20-40 years, only 1% has a diagnosys for low testosterone levels. Therefore, men who are above the age of 55 years are observed to have a low level of testosterone hormones. Low testosterone levels are also observed to affect the Serotonin levels in the body and notably the brain, which in turn impacts on an individual body activity, moods and stress, causing depression. This has a large bearing not only on their psychological and emotional state but also may turn affects on their levels of depression. This essay also discusses the terminology and d escription of adult's depression itself. It is described that depression is likely to be higher in women than men, until the age of 65, when the gender difference disappear, and the men become equally depressed as their female counterparts. Therefore, testosterone treatment and replacement for men who does not respond to conventional depression therapy is highly recommended all over the world nowadays, though with a clear scrutiny into the likelihood of the testosterone replacement in causing cancer.

Effect of Print Media on Society and Social Change

Effect of Print Media on Society and Social Change How Far and in What Ways is it Reasonable to See the Development of Print as a Motor of Revolutionary Social Change? Abstract Print and the ways of presenting the written word have had a long history in which the ideas that were possible to be communicated through these written words profoundly influenced human history. The first movable type of print consisting of baked clay was developed in China in AD 1050. This was followed by the wooden movable type of print that was also invented in China in AD 1300. However, it was the invention of Gutenberg which brought together a number of technologies to bring about the first printing press which had a capability for conveniently and inexpensively bringing print to the masses. The Mid – 15th Century invention has since then assisted in bringing about profound and revolutionary changes in human societies and culture around the world. The development of print, which was by itself a revolution, made it possible for knowledge and ideas which had previously been the preserve of the privileged nobility to be brought to the masses. The media was born as a result of the invention of the print and this media not only brings culture and information into the private domain of individuals, but also sets societal standards, trends and a whole way of life through print advertising. Print made it possible for ideas to be discussed and a societal consensus to evolve as a result of these ideas being able to be communicated cheaply and effectively. Political revolutions, the evolution of science and technology, culture, religion and the interactions of humanity have all been profoundly influenced by print, which is still evolving from its earlier beginnings and has the capacity for inducing profound as well as revolutionary social change. This brief essay takes a look at how print can act as an agent for bringing about social change and also just how far print can go towards influencing such a change.   Contents (Jump to) Introduction The Capacity of the Print to Influence Revolutionary Social Change in the Future Conclusion Bibliography / References Introduction Ever since the Mid-15th Century when Gutenberg had discovered the idea of the first movable type printing press, the print media has profoundly shaped the world in which we live. Printing brought together the technologies of paper, oil based ink and the engraved lettering to quickly as well as cheaply make many copies of the content which was required to be printed. Although the written word had been discovered much earlier then the time of Gutenberg’s invention, its power and value had been limited because of the difficulties associated with its quick and inexpensive reproduction. Written manuscripts containing ideas, human knowledge and information had been very expensive and cumbersome to reproduce, limiting their access to the privileged and the noble classes with mostly oral traditions of communications being relied on. As a result of inventions such as the movable type and later the electronics communications technologies, humanity now lives in the information age when ideas abound and are communicated to millions instantly. The advent of electronics communications technologies has invariably propelled the print into a new light, making it easier to store, process and exchange information. Obviously, such capabilities expanded the breadth as well as the depth of thinking of an average individual and thus transformed the society in which they lived. Because the technologies associated with printing are constantly evolving, therefore, it is very likely that the evolution of these technologies will continue to have a revolutionary impact on the society at large. The invention of printing by itself was revolutionary and since its inception, the technology has continued to shape the world and humanity (Jones, 2000, Chapters 1 – 6), (White, 1979, Chapters 1 – 5) and (The University of Vermont, 2005, Complete). Literature related to history has indicated that printing profoundly influenced change in the Europe during the Middle Ages, assisting in bringing about the Reformation, Renaissance and the Scientific or Technological Revolutions. The Protestant Revolution and humanity’s change in the concept of the earth – centred to the sun – centred universe were also influenced by the print making it possible for the ideas to propagate. Print made it possible for the many millions to examine ideas, debate their usefulness and present their own views, resulting in a consensus being developed much more rapidly then would have been otherwise possible. A greater level of homogeneity was brought about then would have been otherwise possible. The print is something which could be understood and interpreted by humanity and its processing, reproduction, transmission or storage only assisted in making it more appealing or conveniently presentable to the mass audience. It is the conven ient and ready availability of sound ideas in print with a capacity for appealing to the mass logic which has the capacity for bringing about radical social change, if the ideas that are being presented in print are logically sound and appealing to the mass audience. It was the availability of information, ideas and the desire of the masses to be informed of these, along with their desire to have access to knowledge that was the birth of democracy. No longer was knowledge and wisdom in the sole custody of the privileged few and it was the collective will of all who could access as well as understand the print which determined the future of societies, cultures and nations. Nearly all political revolutions in the world after the Middle Age in Europe were made possible because there was the support of the masses which was pitted behind such changes and such support was only made possible because it was convenient to communicate through the print. Oral traditions had required a vastly s uperior effort and because of a limited capability for the oral message to be communicated to a large audience, societal decisions were made by a few. Even established religion benefited enormously from the capabilities of the print. Although the wine or olive oil screw type press had been in use in Europe much earlier then the invention of Gutenberg and block – print technology had been known of since the time of Marco Polo’s return to Europe from his travels to China at the end of the 13th century along with mass paper making techniques which produced paper that was considered to be too flimsy for use in books, it was Gutenberg’s invention that brought together many technologies to make print seriously feasible, opening up the way for a capacity to influence social change like it had never been possible before. The private experience that was made possible as a result of the print invariable led to the public expression of an individual’s personality, c haracter and beliefs which had been shaped by their private experiences (Eisenstein, 1979, Parts 1 and 2), (Eisenstein, 1993, Chapters 1 – 5) and (Briggs, 2001, Chapters 1 – 5). It was the development of the print which gave birth to the media which used print to bring culture and information into private spaces of individuals. In addition to bringing culture and information into the private spaces, the media also shaped society by presenting advertisements which prompted individuals to purchase, prefer a way of living, develop societal standards and highlight issues as well as setting trends. Having advertisements presented in print led to more print as more newspapers, magazines and journals were sold and print itself blended into the fabric of the society, transforming culture, thinking, values and expectations for the future. This domino effect also provided a vocation for many who are associated with the print industry and a new set of professions was introduced. It was print that assisted in the evolution of technology in general and the design of the new electronic communications media which is in the process of further changing societies (Dewar, 2000 , Complete), (Eisenstein, 1979, Parts 1 and 2) and (Eco, 1995, Pp 71 – 74). The history of the print had to be discussed in order to be able to make some sort of predictions about the future. The potential for bringing about revolutionary social changes in the future is still very much a possibility and it is worth investigating how print can influence and bring about social change. Technology and lifestyles are constantly changing and the way in which print technology influenced society is also evolving. Without the development of the print, humanity will be living in an oral society with its enforced illiteracy of the masses and the manipulation of the oral tradition or knowledge to suit the purposes of individuals or the state, as was the case in China prior to the development of the print. In such a society, the creation as well as the possession of knowledge is only restricted to the few creators of knowledge and there is a capacity for the masses to be fed what versions of oral truths that suited the political powers of the day. Development of exact sc iences, technology, logic and reason was, therefore, very much hindered in the oral society which emphasised more on rote memorising rather then an understanding of its knowledge (Dewar, 2000, Complete), (Eisenstein, 1979, Parts 1 and 2) and (Eco, 1995, Pp 71 – 74). In this brief essay, an attempt has been made to take a look at the development of print and its potential for as well as the manner of bringing about revolutionary social change in societies. The Capacity of the Print to Influence Revolutionary Social Change in the Future It is necessary to understand the historical influences of the print in bringing about revolutionary social change so that the future implications for social change can be considered. The history which has been discussed in the introduction to this essay was presented with this concept in mind. The modern educational systems around the world, the production of books, the growth of the literati culture and the popular culture are all made possible because printing and the economic reproduction of the written word is possible. Books on a subject have to accumulate in order to make a difference and these books must be logically correct and present the truth in order to be of lasting value. The ideas that are presented in print are still subject to criticism, debate, investigation and understanding prior to acceptance. Advances in technologies which continue to make the production of print easier, faster and more economical also attempt to present the print in more innovative ways. These technologies also free up humans to try and produce better quality of print and to try to understand the message instead of devoting more time to the production of the message. In developed societies, it is not just the print which counts but the quality of the ideas in print that are of the greatest importance. The qualities of ideas that are presented and recorded in print determine the state of intellectual development of the society and its capacity for improvement as well as gaining an edge over other societies. Some print is very highly regarded because it represents the essence of human knowledge, understanding or universal truths. Encyclopaedias, handbooks, the Scriptures and standard texts represent the print which the society has accepted as being of timeless importance after much debate, criticism and consternation. Often, the knowledge stored in print in these important books will represent the culmination of great struggles, triumphs of understanding, conflict and even bloodshed. However, print represents ideas and the truths which have to be utilised in order to be of benefit. The print must be of importance and it should be given importance for the benefits of the print to become available. Respecting print means that the ideas, knowledge and truths that are contained in the print are being respected, considered, given importance to and are held as being profoundly important for the individual, humanity and the society. Giving respect to the Holy book does not mean that there is respect for the paper, ink or the quality of craftsmanship but that there is respect for ideas. Hence, unless the print is capable of producing ideas which are accepted as being profound, important and of significance for the future, the capacity of the print to bring about revolutionary change is restricted. Therefore, a progressive society which has the capacity for benefiting from revolutionary change must also have a system for producing the ideas which are of profo und importance. These ideas must then be held as being important and acted upon or implemented into practical realities. Unless the message which is considered to be of importance is transformed into practical reality by a society, the society cannot benefit from the message or the ideas and hence the print itself is not able to induce change. In the context of social change, there has to be a requirement for change which is embodied in a vision of something better and this vision must be sufficiently appealing to the many, or to those who are important in the society, for the vision to be attempted to be transformed into practical reality by committing resources, effort, taking the risks involved in change, going against the established order, getting organised or the pitting of an organised movement against tyranny to produce change. A developed society has to have a system for using print to disseminate or generate ideas, conduct discussions and a scrutiny of these ideas. There h as to be a constant desire to have something better and to transform ideas into practical realities. Print can act as a vehicle for conveying ideas and their wider scrutiny but print by itself is important because it can do this in an economical, effective and appealing manner in order to effectively make the ideas available to the many (Jones, 2000, Chapters 1 – 6), (McGINN, 1991, Chapters 1 – 4) and ( Dewar, 2000, Complete). Although the basic reason behind the importance of print and its capacity for influencing change are the ideas that are contained in the print, the manner in which the print can be presented, communicated, stored, manipulated and the knowledge which is considered to be of importance retrieved from the print is also constantly being influenced by the force of ideas and changing. The capability of presenting the printed word as a sequence of signals in a computer and its rapid manipulation has made it possible for the society to consider and develop ideas much more rapidly then it was previously possible. This capacity has been of great benefit to the society but it has also had an impact on the printing of ideas on paper. Print on paper must now coexist with print as an electrical signal and the society has progressed sufficiently for the rapid and cheap transformation of the print on paper to the electronic print to be made possible. Hence, centralised printing presses are now still useful but they are being challenged by the distributed printing presses which are capable of quickly transforming the electronically stored print into print on paper when required. A cheap printer connected to a computer which is linked to the World Wide Web has the capacity for tapping into a huge reservoir of ideas and the human repository of knowledge. These ideas can be selectively printed as required on paper for the convenience of the human users. The larger press is used for printing material for which there is a confirmed demand and it is very likely that in the future all kinds of books will be downloaded from websites when and if required to be viewed on small or computerised portable reading equipment. The price of such computer equipment which need not be as sophisticated as a laptop computer, but which can also integrate a lot of other functions into it such as the communication function and the entertainment function is progressively declining. This does not mean that the printing press is likely to become idle, because humanity has a requirement for all kinds of packing, wrapping and informative material which is in constant demand. However, it is very likely that the high value added print material will be preferred in the electronic format and stored on web servers or the CD – ROM to be downloaded when required for payment by electronic means. The benefits of purchasing a book in the electronic format are much superior to having a published book on paper. New editions can be rapidly produced and information in the electronic book readily manipulated. This is already happening and the only reason why individuals still prefer to read paper books is because the display technologies which provide the written word in human readable form need to be improved and made more affordable. That this is happening is the beginning of another social revolution which is likely to gain momentum with time. Hence, humanity is moving towards an age in whic h there will be far fewer books in the paper print form and very many web repositories from which electronic books, newspapers and magazines can be downloaded. There is likely to be an emphasis on having small portable devices which will have the telecommunications capabilities and pleasant displays that are affordable. Such devices can usher in a new social revolution. Such a social revolution is not likely to be bad because the dwindling global forests require new attempts to conserve energy and reduce waste. A burgeoning repository of human knowledge means that permitting rapid access and manipulation of the electronic print is required. This, however, does not mean that there is not going to be a demand for the editors, the creative writers, researchers, scientists, technologists and philosophers etc who generate the content which could previously have been printed on paper only. There is in fact likely to be a greater demand for such creative individuals, especially those who a re capable of producing quality. The creative content industry will continue to boom and there will be a greater demand for good content because content will still be king. It is very likely that even schooling will be more distributed with pupils being able to download their lessons from a server rather then physically carrying backpacks of books to school. Universities will become more of a place for conducting research and generating new content then a place for disseminating this content through print on paper. The transmission of knowledge through the vastness of the globe and even into space and under the ocean will become an instantaneous affair rather then requiring the transportation of huge piles of bulky paper across the vastness of oceans, on ships, for the force of ideas and enlightenment to be unleashed in a dark region of the world. Language and the printed word, or rather the represented word is still important because this is what humans understand. However, the nee d to print this word on paper will be diminished. It is all a question of economics and developing newer and more capable computerised devices is gradually changing the way humans live. Sufficiently reduce the cost of portable computing equipment, software as well as the cost of telecommunications and the revolution will be very much accelerated. It is surprising that many publishers have not taken up the challenge and produced important books which can be downloaded from web stores. This most certainly has something to do with the price an individual has to pay for the right viewing hardware for electronic text. Widespread adoption of such hardware is also limited by its fragility and complexity. Young children and many elderly individuals can find it difficult to operate viewers of electronic text and hence prefer the printed word. Perhaps there is a need for the invention of a cheap device with the human / computer interface vastly simplified for the purpose of reading and intera cting with the electronic text. A new revolution is certainly possible and it is very likely already happening, in which humanity will live in a world without the printed book (Dewar, 2000, Complete) and (Smith, 1994, Chapters 1 – 4). Revolutionary social changes have always depended on the force of ideas which used to be conveyed through the print after an age of the oral tradition. However, the printed word on paper is now becoming rather inconvenient as a medium for transmitting and disseminating these ideas and humanity has found more convenient ways for doing this. However, for revolutionary social change to be possible there has to be a need for change, merit in the ideas and a capacity to topple the existing order or norms of the society. History has indicated that despite the force and the might of tyranny, it is the soundness of ideas and their appeal to the masses which are the engines for change. Hence, ideas presented through the written language must be widely available and considered to be important by the masses for revolutionary social change to take place. Because of the high cost of the computing equipment and the complexities involved in its operation as well as the fragility of the equipment, s uch equipment is still in the process of gaining a wider acceptance. Costs associated with communications and a decent bandwidth for telecommunications is also another deterrent. It will still take some time for the full effects of the information age to become apparent and there will be many unintended consequences of change in this age. However it is very likely that in the future, the print media will give way to the electronic text viewers / communicators as the most widely means for distributing these ideas and conducting social debates on them. Humanity has indeed come a long way since the invention of the printing press (Briggs, 2001, Chapters 1 – 5) and (Cooper, 2004, Complete). Conclusion The print media has contributed very significantly to bringing about social change since the invention of the Gutenberg printing press. The renaissance, the scientific revolution and many other political revolutions benefited from the capability of the print to cheaply and conveniently disseminate ideas. It was, however, the force of these ideas which was behind the revolutions and the print acted by accelerating the dissemination, debate and acceptance of ideas, something which was not possible to be done in the oral tradition. In the present age, the electronic word is gradually going to replace the printed word as a more convenient and faster means for disseminating ideas as the technology and its present limitations are gradually overcome. References/Bibliography American, p. International Printing Pressmen and Assistants Union of North America 1965, Development of the printing press, 1450-1965 : 75th anniversary of the American Pressman [Pressmens Home, Tenn. : International Printing Pressmen and Assistants Union of North America]. Atiyeh, G. N. 1995, The book in the Islamic world: the written word and communication in the Middle East Albany; [Washington, D.C.]: State University of New York Press: Library of Congress. Atton, Chris. (2002). Approaching Alternative Media: Theory and Methodology. Napier University, Scotland. Retrieved: August 25, 2005. From: http://www.ourmedianet.org/papers/om2001/Atton.om2001.pdf Banks, W. H., International Conference of Printing Research Institutes (, Krems) 1971, Recent developments in graphic arts research : (proceedings of the tenth International Conference of Printing Research Institutes held in Krems, Austria, 1969) Oxford : Pergamon Press. Barker, N. 1992, Aldus Manutius and the development of Greek script type in the fifteenth century, 2nd ed edn, New York : Fordham University Press. Batey, C. 1954, The printing making of books: an examination of tradition with an assessment of the trends of invention and the development of techniques presently discernible in the several crafts devoted to the making of books Oxford: Privately printed at the University Press. Baumgarten, J. Frakes, J. C. 2005, Introduction to old Yiddish literature Oxford: Oxford University Press. Bernard Quaritch (Firm) 1888, [A general catalogue of books offered to the public at the affixed prices], Monumenta typographica: a catalogue of books produced by the earliest typographers in all countries, arranged so as to illustrate the history of the origin and development of the art of printing; as well as the publications of the famous Aldine, Giunta, and Elzevir Presses; preceded by some examples of prae-typographical printing edn, [London]: [B. Quaritch]. Bijker, W, Hughes, T and Pinch, T (eds) (1988) The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, Cambridge MA: MIT Press. Blades, W. 1968, Books in chains, and other bibliographical papers Detroit: Gale Research Co. Bolton, C. Alembic, P. 1981, DeLittle, an English wood-letter manufacturer: including a brief history of the development of wood-type Winchester: The Alembic Press. Braden, C. S. 1970, Spirits in rebellion. The rise and development of New Thought. (Third printing.) Dallas: Southern Methodist University Press. Briggs, Asa and Peter Burke. (2001). A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet (Paperback). Polity Press. Retrieved: August 25, 2005. From: http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0745623751/002-0897207-2795222?v=glance British Printing Industries Federation. Development and Technology Committees Composition Group 1984, The ASPIC handbook: a guide to authors symbolic pre-press interfacing codes London: British Printing Industries Federation. Cambridge University Press 1938, Cambridge University Press: notes on its history and development, 6th ed edn, Cambridge [Cambridgeshire]: The Press. Carter, R. Open University 1984, Systems, management and change: a graphic guide London: Harper Row in association with the Open University. Ceruzzi, P. E. 2000, A history of modern computing Cambridge, Mass.; London: MIT Press. Charles, R. H. 1914, Religious development between the Old and New Testaments London: Oxford University Press, 1914. Cooper, Mark and Steven Cooper. (2004). HOPE AND HYPE v. REALITY: THE ROLE OF THE COMMERCIAL INTERNET IN DEMOCRATIC DISCOURSE AND PROSPECTS FOR INSTITUTIONAL CHANGE. Stanford Centre for Internet and Society. Retrieved: August 25, 2005. From: http://cyberlaw.stanford.edu/blogs/cooper/archives/HOPEALL.pdf Copinger, W. A. Priory Press, M. 1898, Handlist of a collection of incunabula: illustrating the progress and development of the art of printing prior to the year 1500, by specimens from over three hundred different presses [Manchester? Eng.] : Priv. print. and not for circulation. Cranz, F. E. 1964, An essay on the development of Luthers thought on justice, law, and society Cambridge, Mass. ; Oxford : Harvard University Press : Oxford University Press. Daud, P. 1934, The influence of Arabic poetry on the development of Persian poetry Bombay: Fort Printing Press. Deibert, R. (1997). Parchment, Printing and Hypermedia: Communication and world order transformation. New York: Columbia University Press. Dewar, James A. (2000). THE INFORMATION AGE AND THE PRINTING PRESS: LOOKING BACKWARD TO SEE AHEAD. RAND. Retrieved: August 25, 2005. From: http://www.rand.org/publications/P/P8014/P8014.pdf Eco, U A Medieval Library. (1995). D. Crowley P. Heyer (eds). Communication in history: Technology, culture, and society (2nd ed., pp. 48-57). White Plains, NY: Longman. Pp 71 – 74. Eisenstein, E. (1979). The printing press as an agent of change. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Eisenstein, E. L. (1993). The printing revolution in early modern Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Fairhead, M. Pira, I. 1993, Latest developments in newspaper technology: a literature review Leatherhead: Pira International. Finkle, J. L. Gable, R. W. 1968, Political development and social change, 1st corr. print edn, New York : Wiley. George, A. J. Didot Family 1961, The Didot Family and the Progress of Printing A brief review of the development and accomplishments of the House of Didot, with facsimile pages and translation of Épà ®tre sur les progrà ¨s de limprimerie by Pierre Didot, printed in 1784, etc [Syracuse, N.Y.] : Syracuse University Press. Goody, J. (1986). The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Goody, J. and Watt, I. (1963). The consequences of literacy. Comparative Studies in History and Society. Vol. 5. Hacker, L. M. 1959, The triumph of American capitalism: the development of forces in American history to the end of the nineteenth century New York: Columbia University Press. Johnson, J. d. M. Bibliographical Society ( 1936, The development of printing other than book printing London : Bibliographical Society. Jones, Bruce. (2000). Manuscripts, Books, and Maps: The Printing Press and a Changing World. University of California, Davis. Retrieved: August 25, 2005. From: http://communication.ucsd.edu/bjones/Books/booktext.html Joos, M. American Council of Learned Societies. Committee on Language Programs 1966, Readings in linguistics I : the development of descriptive linguistics in America 1925-56, 4th ed edn, Chicago ; London : University of Chicago Press, 1966. Lehmann-Haupt, H. 1966, Gutenberg and the Master of the Playing Cards New Haven ; London : Yale University Press. McGINN, R. (1991), Science, Technology, and Society, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice Hall. McLuhan, M. (1964). Understanding Media. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. McLuhan, M. (1997). The Guttenberg Galaxy, University of Toronto Press. Moran, J. Royal Society of Arts 1971, The development of the printing press : a paper London : Royal Society of Arts. Moran, J. 1973, Printing presses : history and development from the fifteenth century to modern times London : Faber (1973). Moran, J. 1973, Printing presses; history and development from the fifteenth century to modern times Berkeley : University of California Press. Moran, J. C. 1971, The development of the printing press Colchester : printed by Benham Co.. Mulhall, M. G. 1971, The progress of the world in arts, agriculture, commerce, manufactures, instruction, railways, and public wealth since the beginning of the nineteenth century Shannon : Irish University Press, 1971. Myers, R. Harris, M. 1981, Development of the English book trade, 1700-1899 Oxford : Oxford Pol

J.R.R. Tolkien :: Biography

J.R.R. Tolkien led an interesting life because he had many traumatizing experiences as a child. Did these experiences effect his writing or was he just an imaginative adult or was he a child in a grown mans body? That is what we are going to explore in this paper. By the time I am done you will believe that this man was a traumatized child. The many experiences that he had during long his life were very dramatic. They would have made even the toughest of children have problems later on in life. From my own experiences through my own life I can kind of relate to this man. The experiences that I have had have been pretty dramatic, but nothing like his. By reading what happened to him, I know from what I have read about him that he had to be traumatized as an adult. Before J.R.R. was born, his father, whose name was Arthur, worked for a very well known and prosperous bank in England. In an effort to cut back and make more money the bank fired him. Arthur was courting a young woman, by the name of Mabel, but before he could marry her he had to prove to Mabel’s father that he was going to be able to support her for the rest of her life. While looking for a job as a bank clerk he looked to the colonies of England, and he found a job in a bank in South Africa as a financial clerk. When he had established himself in the bank he sent for Mabel. They were married in 1981 in a Catholic Church in South Africa. The town in which they lived was called Bloemfontein, South Africa. This was where they wanted their children to grow up. J.R.R. was born on January, 31 1892 in South Africa. His birth name was John Ronald Reuel Tolkien. His younger brother, Hilary Arthur Reuel Tolkien, was born two years later on February 17, 1894. They were raised in a Catholic family. When J.R.R was three years of age, in 1895, his mother, brother, and he went back to Birmingham England to meet his grandparents. The reason Arthur did not go was that he was sick with yellow fever and he was going to wait till he was better to make the long sea voyage to England. This voyage was usually not easy for even the healthy passengers, so it was wise to stay behind.

Benefits and Drawbacks of Rta Essay

Under the current legal system of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), there are two categories of rules on the RTAs in the area of trade in goods: the first is based on the Article XXIV of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, which generally applies to all RTAs; the second is based on the so-called Enabling Clause, which in exceptional circumstances, provide special and differential treatment (SDT) for RTAs among developing countries. 3.4.1. Advantages of Regional Initiatives Regional initiatives have a number of advantages which explain why so many countries are members of such agreements: †¢Region Specific Issues Firstly, a regional agreement can help in dealing with region-specific issues, such as border controls, transit, migration, or movement of labour. Countries recognize that other more opaque barriers than tariffs can hinder trade. These include border controls, phytosanitary restrictions, weak transport systems, and regulatory differences. RTAs therefore increasingly cover some of these issues, which are more suitably addressed at the regional level. Some RTAs have also included dispute resolution mechanisms, which, in the implementation phase of the arrangement, have proven to be extremely useful. †¢Reinforcement Of Internal Regulatory Or Structural Reforms Secondly, RTAs can reinforce internal regulatory or structural reforms. This can be done through external treaty obligations and visible political commitments. Often, small countries participating in a RTA have just made, or are trying to push ahead, major reforms. †¢Liberalization Of Services Turning to large industrial countries, trade in goods as such no longer appears to be the dominant factor for participating in RTAs. A growing number of RTAs includes provisions on liberalizing services (including financial), investment, protecting intellectual property rights, labour and environmental standards, and dispute resolution. Industrial countries are keen to include such issues to counter what they regard as unfair competition due to, for example, piracy or poor labour standards. They also desire to open up markets for their services sectors, where they have a comparative advantage. †¢Political Objectives Leaving aside economic goals for a moment, for some countries, political objectives are another important reason to enter into a RTA. Countries that may have far-reaching integration as a goal typically start out with trade agreements as a first step toward a deepening of political relationship. For e.g. initial agreements can cover trade and investment, then member countries later form an economic and monetary union, and then enhance the process towards a fully-fledged political union with a common constitution. Similarly, forging bilateral and regional trade ties is often linked to geopolitical and security considerations. Trade policy is a key instrument of foreign policy to secure regional stability by promoting the development of participating countries. In addition, political cooperation can reduce the potential for military conflicts among member nations. †¢Defensive Motive A last reason to enter into regional agreements may be defensive. As more and more countries enter into regional agreements, the cost of non participation rises. While some countries may prefer the multilateral route, they may also feel that not entering into regional agreements can lead to a competitive disadvantage relative to countries that have entered into RTAs. †¢Greater Consensus The benefits of trying to eliminate trade barriers in smaller groups of countries is facilitated through RTAs i.e. it can be easier to gain consensus among the relatively few members of a regional agreement as opposed to among all the member countries in the WTO. While RTAs are signed for a variety of reasons, the impact on trade, growth, and employment seems crucial in determining the extent to which broader objectives are achieved. It is difficult to identify arrangements that have advanced wider political objectives, without having first achieved progress in enhancing trade, and having this seen reflected in higher rates of sustainable growth and employment creation. Thus, it appears that the willingness to accept trade liberalization and the accompanying economic adjustments is a first step that may be indicative of progress than can be made in other areas. †¢Economies of scale Economies of scale are one of the most important aspects of regional integration in regards to development. In economic theory, economy of scale gains can be achieved when cost of producing one unit declines as the number of units increases. Economies of scale gains can be realized in regional integration agreements between developing nations because of the size of their combined markets and lower capital costs. Before regional integration, both country A and B will produce a certain good. Because of economies of scale, the country with the cheapest production costs will be able to provide the good for the entire region at a lower cost and to the benefit of entire region. †¢Trade Creation Trade creation is another aspect of regional integration that can also be achieved through RTAs. A RTA effectively expands the market in which a producer can sell a good by making goods both available and at a cheaper price to new markets. Under a RTA, countries will turn to partner nations for cheaper products. Thus, production can shift to nations with the greatest comparative advantage, resulting in greater exports and imports within the region under the agreement along with greater efficiency in the allocation of resources. †¢Bargaining Power Increased bargaining power is another major reason for developing nations to pursue RTAs. Economies within developing nations are in almost all cases small in comparison to developed nations, and are often in danger of being left out of global economy as a result of size. Under RTA, a group of nations can in effect gain greater visibility and influence within the international community. Increased bargaining power within the International community can have effects on a number of different aspects; cooperating members are able to share in the high fixed of negotiation. This power of integration has been seen in various RTAs, including CARICOM’s success in international policymaking, and perhaps even more clearly with ‘Group 20’ in the Doha round of WTO trade talks. As confirmed by several conversations with experts in the international community, increased bargaining power is a political goal sought after RTAs. †¢Market Attractiveness Increased market attractiveness has played a major role in the RTAs especially in the case of Africa. Similar to the goal of increased bargaining power, RTAs provide increased market attractiveness for FDI and trade relations with the developed world because of the clarity of rules and the stability than an RTA brings to a region. As a region becomes unified under standard trade measures and investment law, it is easier for outside nations to invest in and do business with the developing nations under RTA. This in turn can bring increased financial and capital flows, infrastructure, and ultimately wealth to the region. Increased FDI after formation of the RTAs has been researched extensively by organizations such as World Bank, and various situations point to the effectiveness of regional integration as a positive for FDI. The investment situation within European community and the NAFTA all showed significantly increases in FDI after negotiations were concluded. Another aspect of increased market attractiveness is the idea of conflict resolution within developing nations. Under some RTAs, conflict resolution boards have been put into place that have increased the legality of agreements and increased attractiveness for foreign investors and export purchasers. One of the boards includes the peer review system used by the New Partnership for African Development (NEPAD) that has been viewed favourably by various developed nations and groups including the US and EU. †¢Cooperation in public goods This also assists national economies in their development. By cooperating on infrastructure projects the whole region can benefit and money can be saved through economies of scale gains in regards to investment in public goods. This cooperation can also be beneficial for environmental reasons. Railroads, public utilities projects, and power plant initiatives (with the case of SADC power pooling project) are only a few examples of how regional integration can increase efficiently and save money for member nations. 3.5Drawbacks of RTAs Disadvantages Of Regional Initiatives While there are many obvious benefits for countries to join in RTA, as evidence by their popularity, there are some negative aspects associated with the RTAs. It is important to know these drawbacks in order to make RTA work as well as to formulate policy as regards to new RTAs. †¢Trade Diversion As mentioned above, Trade Creation is one of the benefits of RTA, but trade creation however is not the entire picture. A negative aspect, called trade diversion can occur when the partners divert away products that may be more cheaply produced in favour of products from the RTA partner, even if these products are produced at a higher cost, thus resulting in inefficiency. In the case of trade diversion, regional suppliers have an advantage as a result of preferential treatment rather than an actual comparative advantage. The latter stems from sales won at the expense of third country suppliers, which become less competitive purely because they face a tariff barrier that does not apply to suppliers within the new free trade area. Such increased trade actually reduces the economy’s overall efficiency. It results in lowered welfare for the importing nation as tariff revenues are lost and not replaced by gains from trade when trade creation cannot outweigh trade diversion. †¢Delocalisation Of Labour Market Another negative consequence of RTA is that it leads to shift in employment. Since the formation of trading blocs significantly reduces or eliminates barriers to trade, the producer of a particular good or service will more often be decided by relative productivity. With trade agreements, labour market is dislocated, i.e., there are some jobs that are loss while others are gained. An example will be the loss of between 32000 and 100000 of manufacturing jobs as a direct result of the NAFTA between Canada, Mexico and United States. But evidence also suggests that between 90,000 and 160,000 jobs tied to exports to Mexico were also created by NAFTA. Dislocation allows a nation to upgrade their economy toward higher-wage-paying industries. †¢Increase In The Complexity Of International Trading System FTAs also increase the complexity of the international trading system and can raise transaction costs for business. For example, complicated rules of origin are required to prevent third countries product entering via the other party. With different rules negotiated under different agreements, enforcement of these rules and compliance with them by business can be a complicated task. Businesses have to take into account the different dispute settlement mechanisms as well as different standards regimes and other harmonization arrangements. †¢Unequal Bargaining Power In a RTA between a developed country and a developing country or countries, the latter are usually in a weaker bargaining position due to the lack of capacity of their economies, their weaker political situation and their weaker negotiating resources. The result of such unequal bargaining power can be that significant trade restrictions by large countries remain in place instead of being eliminated under circumstances of more equal negotiating power. †¢Distortion In Production Additionally RTAs may negatively impact on global trade because regional preferences and rules of origin distort production by making location of production or source of raw materials the driving incentive. †¢Prevents Complete Liberalisation In Multilateral Arena RTA may also prevent complete liberalization in multilateral arena. Countries that benefit from regional trade agreements may be reluctant to expose themselves to the risks of opening their markets on a multilateral level, if they expect relatively insignificant returns. †¢Loss Of Technology And R&D Transfer One of the negative consequences of RTA is the loss of technology and R&D transfers from developed countries. Technology and ‘Know How’ transfers from developed countries are viewed as the major benefits from RTAs. Unfortunately, as intra-regional trade begins to dominate a trading bloc, these technology and R&D transfers can be lost. †¢Loss Of National Sovereignty Successive levels of integration require that nations surrender more of their national sovereignty. For this reason, the higher levels of integration are more difficult to achieve. †¢While there are many obvious benefits for countries to join in RTA, as evidence by their popularity, there are some negative aspects associated with the RTAs. It is important to know these drawbacks in order to make RTA work as well as to formulate policy as regards to new RTAs. These include amongst others trade diversion, loss of national sovereignty and unequal bargaining power.

JAZZzzz essays

JAZZzzz essays Jazz has been an influence in many artist's work, from painting to other forms of music. Jazz is an American music form that was developed from African-American work songs. The white man began to imitate them in the 1920's and the music form caught on and became very popular. Two artists that were influenced by jazz were Jean-Michel Basquiat and Stuart Davis. The influence is quite evident in many of their works, such as Horn Players, by Basquiat, and Swing Landscape, by Davis. Stuart Davis was born in Philadelphia in 1894. He grew up in an artistic environment, his father was art director of a Philadelphia newspaper, who had employed Luks, Glackens, and other members of the Eight. He studied with Robert Henri from 1910 to 1913, made covers and drawings for the social realist periodical The Masses, which was associated with the Ash-can School, and exhibited watercolors in the Armory Show, which made an overwhelming impact on him. After a visit to Paris in 1928 he introduced a new note into U.S. cubism, basing himself on its synthetic rather than its analytical phase. Using natural forms, particularly forms suggesting the characteristic environment of American life, he rearranged them into flat poster-like patterns with precise outlines and sharply contrasting colors. He later went on to pure abstract patterns, into which he often introduced lettering, suggestions of advertisements, and posters. The zest and dynamism of such works as Swing Landscape reflect his interest in jazz, which Davis considered to be the counterpart to abstract art. Davis is often considered to be the outstanding American artist to work in a cubism idiom. He made witty and original use of it and created a distinctive American style, for however abstract his works became he always claimed that every image he used had its source in observed reality. Davis once said " I paint what I see in America, in other words I paint the American scene." Stuart Davis' w...

Sampling Techniques and Data Analysis Essay Example

Sampling Techniques and Data Analysis Essay Example Sampling Techniques and Data Analysis Essay Sampling Techniques and Data Analysis Essay Polytechnic University of the Philippines College of Economics, Finance and Politics DEPARTMENT OF BANKING AND FINANCE Sta. Mesa, Manila SAMPLING TEACHNIQUES and DATA ANALYSIS Submitted by: Jayson A. Enabia Rechelle Ann V. Elon Lobelyne Elago Monica Mae R. Flores April Mariz Francisco BBF 4-10n TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction1 Methods of Collecting Data Interview method1 Questionnaire Method2 Empirical Observation Method4 Test Method5 Registration Method5 Mechanical Devices5 Sampling Techniques6 Random Sampling6 Systematic Sampling7 Purposive Sampling7 Quota Sampling8 Convenience Sampling8 Organization and Presentation of Data8 Data Analysis12 Introduction There is no formula for selecting the best method to be used when generating data. It depends on the researcher’s design of the study, the type of data,the time allotment to complete the study and the researcher’s financial capacity. Data Collection is an important aspect of any type of research study. Inaccurate data collection can impact the results of a study and ultimately lead to invalid results. METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA INTERVIEW METHOD This method of collecting data involves presentation or oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses. There are different types of interview methods namely: a. PERSONAL INTERVIEW The interviewer asks questions generally in a face to face contact to the other person. b. TELEPHONIC INTERVIEW It is use when it is not possible to contact the respondent directly c. STRUCTURED INTERVIEW It follows a set of questions to be asked to the interviewer. d. UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW o predetermined questions are asked, in order to remain as open and adaptable as possible to the interviewee’s nature and priorities; during the interview the interviewer â€Å"goes with the flow†. e. FOCUSED INTERVIEW Attention is focused on the given experience of the respondent and its possible effects f. CLINICAL INTERVIEW It is concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations with the course of individual’s life experience, ra ther than with the effects of the specific experience. g. GROUP INTERVIEW A group of individuals are being interviewed. h. INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW An interviewer meets a single person and interviews him. i. SELECTION INTERVIEW It is done for the selection of people for certain jobs. QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD A questionnaire is a list of well: 1. Have you been convicted of any crime? Yes______ No______. If your answer is yes, go to the next question and if no proceed to question number 3. b. RECALL TYPE Example: a. age b. sex c. civil status d. length of stay in a community c. RECOGNITION TYPE Example: Which of the following figures is a square? d. DICHOTOMOUS TYPE Fixed: Are you in favor of REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH BILL? YES______ NO______ e. MULTIPLE: What causes night and day? A. The earth spins on its axis. B. The earth moves around the sun. C. Clouds block out the suns light. D. The earth moves into and out of the suns shadow. E. The sun goes around the earth. f. MULTIPLE: What computer games do you prefer to play? Encircle the numbers. 1. DOTA6. FarmVille 2. Special Force7. Black Point 3. Angry Birds8. Ragnarok 4. Plant vs. Zombie9. Flyff 5. Rotate and Roll10. Red Alert g. FREE: 1. How serious is the drug problem in your barangay? ____ very serious ____ serious ____ fairly serious ____not serious ____ not a problem 2. Attitude towards Mathematics In answering the question below, please refer to the verbal equivalent of the numbers used in the table. 1 = disagree2= slighty agree3= moderately agree 4=strongly agree I love mathematics |1 |2 |3 |4 | |I always like the subject since my elementary years |1 |2 |3 |4 | |I am always excited to attend my mathematics class |1 |2 |3 |4 | EMPIRICAL OBSERVATION METHOD The observation method is commonly used in psychological and anthropological studies. It is a method of obtaining data by seeing, hearing, testing, touching, and smelling. Through observation, additional information, which cannot be obtained using the other methods like the questionnaire, may be gathered. The observer may participate in the activities of the group being studied (participant observation) or he may just be a bystander (nonparticipant observation). When an observation is done in a laboratory, as in the case of experimental studies, the type of observation is called controlled observation. TEST METHOD ? Widely used in psychological research and psychiatry ? Used because of: Validity Reliability Usability Example: 1. Aptitude tests 2. IQ tests 3. Achievement tests REGISTRATION METHOD ? Commonly enforced by certain laws, ordinances or standard practices ? Very practical and inexpensive method of gathering data ? In this method, information are kept systematized and available to all because of the law’s requirement Example: 1. Data obtained from NSO: A researcher wants to know the average income of the families living in Barangay A which has 2,500 residents. Calculate the sample size the researcher will need if a 5% margin of error is allowed. Given:N= 2500 e=0. 05 Solution:2500/[1+2,500(0. 05^2)]= 345 families Random Sampling In this method, all members of the population have equal chances of being included in the study. This is applicable if the target population is not classified into different clusters, sections, levels, or classes. The method is easy to use, but not when the population is very large, say a thousand or more. a. Lottery Method It is the most common and the easiest method of random sampling. The names of the respondents will be written on small pieces of paper which will be rolled and placed in a jar. The respondents who will be included in the study will be those names are written on the pieces of paper that are picked at random from the jar. Systematic Sampling a. Stratified Random Sampling This method is applied when the population is divided into different classes wherein each class must be represented in the study. . Cluster Sampling When the geographical area where the study will be done is too big and the target population is too large, the cluster sampling technique may be appropriate. In this technique, the selection of sample units is not individuals but by groups of clusters. The area will be divided in clusters, then a desired number of clusters will be selected at random. Example: A d octor wants to make a nationwide study on the correlation between smoking and death rate. He decided to focus on the 13 regions of the country which can be considered as the clusters. If 3 of the 13 clusters or regions are the desired sample units, the names of the 13 clusters will be written on small pieces of paper, then three will be picked at random using the lottery method. All the residents of the selected three clusters will be included in the study. Purposive Sampling The respondents of the study will be chosen based on their knowledge of the information required by the researcher. Example: Suppose a researcher wants to make a historical study about Town A. the target population will be the senior citizens of the town since they are the most reliable persons who know the history of the town. If there are 2,000 senior citizens and a 3% margin of error is allowed the sample size will be 714. They will be chosen using any of the methods discussed previously Quota Sampling This technique is commonly used in opinion polls. Suppose a salesman is required to gather information as to the most common hair shampoo used by female Filipino clients. If he wants 2,000 sample units and he needs to do the survey within a short timetable, he can station himself at a public place, such as a park or a mall, then ask the females what shampoo they usually use. After meeting the required number of sample points, the researcher is through with his collection of data Convenience Sampling This technique is resorted to by researchers who need the information the fastest way possible. The telephone can be used to interview the respondents about their opinions on a certain issue. This method may be fast but it is also biased because those who have no telephones do not have a chance to be included in the study. Another example is the case of a teacher who makes a research which requires the inclusion of the students as respondents. Conveniently, the teacher may use his own students as respondents. PRESENTATION OF DATA Generally data are presented in the form of tables, graphs or charts. Tables and graphs (pictorial presentation of data) may simplify and clarify the research data. Tabular and graphic representation of data may take a number of forms, ranging from computer printouts to elaborate pictographs. The purpose of each table or graph, however, is to facilitate the summarization and communication of the meaning of the data. a. Table A table is a systematic arrangement of related statistical data in columns and rows with some predetermined aim or purpose. Example: There are 50 science and arts students in a college. The number of students from poor families is the same for each course and the total is 30. Whereas science and commerce courses are equally popular in rich familis, yet the number of rich art students is twicw as much. In all 40 students are from the rich families studying in the college. The majority of students are from middle class families and their number is 80. Types of tables Reference or general purpose tables- tables that are in a way a store of information with an aim of presenting detailed statistical materials. Generally we can derive smaller tables from it. Special Purpose or text tables- smaller tables that can be obtained from reference tables. It aimed to analyse a particular aspect to bring out a specific point. b. Graphs and Charts There are many types of graphs and charts that are commonly used for showing business reports. These are listed as follows. 1. Line graphs:  A line graph is a way of representing two pieces of information, which is usually related and vary with respect to each other. This is useful when comparisons are needed. e. g. [pic] 2. Pie Charts:  A pie chart is a type of a circle graph normally used in showcasing a wholesome quantity; we have to show that how this whole quantity is broken into parts. The whole quantity depicts entire sample space  and the pieces of pie in the circle graph are called sectors. [pic] 3. Bar Charts:  This is a type of chart, which contains labeled horizontal or vertical bars showing a piece of information and an axis. The numbers along the side of bar graph compose the axis. This is also called as a histogram; Bar Graph is useful when there is a numerical comparison. [pic] 4. Area Graphs:  These graphs are used to show how something changes with respect to time. An area graph shows the contribution of each data series in the form of a picture. [pic] 5. Waterfall Chart:  This is a type of chart, which shows an increase or decrease in a initial value. This contains floating vertical columns that shows the increase or decrease in a initial value through a series of intermediate steps leading to a final value. An invisible column keeps the increase or decrease related to the heights of the previous columns. [pic] 6. Polar Chart:  A Polar Chart is a circular chart in which data is displayed in terms of values and angles. This provides a mechanism to compare various qualitative and quantitative aspects of a situation graphically. o By using Polar Charts we can plot multiple data sets each with a single line with as many points as needed. o These are normally used in Engineering and modeling Industries. o A Polar Chart has two variables X and Y where X is plotted as an angle and Y is the radius. o In a Polar Chart the points are plotted in Polar coordinates rather than Cartesian coordinates. o In a Polar Chart the dataset having the maximum values covers the maximum area in the whole graph. The X and Y-axes can be used to demonstrate real world quantities. [pic] Analysis of data Analysis of data  is a process of inspecting, cleaning, transforming, and modeling  data  with the goal of highlighting useful  information, suggesting conclusions, and supporting decision making. Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches, encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, in different business, science, and social science domains. Data Analysis is the process of systematically applying statistical and/or logical techniques to describe and illustrate, condense and recap, and evaluate data. Data mining  is a particular data analysis technique that focuses on modeling and knowledge discovery for predictive rather than purely descriptive purposes. Data integration  is a precursor to data analysis, and data analysis is closely linked to  data visualization  and data dissemination. The term data analysis  is sometimes used as a synonym for  data modeling. Data cleaning is an important procedure during which the data are inspected, and erroneous data are if necessary, preferable, and possible corrected. Data cleaning can be done during the stage of data entry. If this is done, it is important that no subjective decisions are made. The most important distinction between the initial data analysis phase and the main analysis phase, is that during initial data analysis one refrains from any analysis that are aimed at answering the original research question. The initial data analysis phase is guided by the following four questions: Quality of data Quality of measurements Initial transformations Final stage of the initial data analysis Considerations/issues in data analysis There are a number of issues that researchers should be cognizant of with respect to data analysis. These include: Having the necessary skills to analyze Concurrently selecting data collection methods and appropriate analysis Drawing unbiased inference Inappropriate subgroup analysis Following acceptable norms for disciplines Determining statistical significance Lack of clearly defined and objective outcome measurements Providing honest and accurate analysis Manner of presenting data Environmental/contextual issues Data recording method Partitioning ‘text’ when analyzing qualitative data Training of staff conducting analyses Reliability and Validity Extent of analysis

Behavior in special education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Behavior in special education - Essay Example This model gives emphasis on rewards and punishments. An educator can set their own parameters or can induce certain situations to attain specific educational objectives. Ignoring the problematic behavior is a leading cause of unpleasant behavior. The behavioral theoretical approach aims to increase desirable behavior by increasing the interest of the child in particular area of learning. When the child behaves properly, he should be rewarded. Negative behavior is discouraged by providing negative consequences. By this methodology, proper behavior is expected in such situations to avoid negative outcome. Here capability of the teacher to influence students plays an important role while dealing with various issues related to learning behavior. Student’s improvement in learning abilities is related to the teacher’s efforts, skills and knowledge to handle behavioral aspects (Alberto & Troutman, 1999). Great input from the teacher helps the child to achieve specific goal. A special child faces many challenges while studying because of their inability to handle and understand various aspects of learning. Such students can be tackled by implementing positive reinforcement procedures (PRP) like motivation. Positive learning environment nurture the students and make them competent by increasing their ability to learn. PRP emphasize on natural desirable behavior. The teacher intentionally motivates the pupils to learn using many techniques. Genuine teacher wants their students to excel. An educator cultivates interest of the student to learn by motivating them. The teacher create supportive and comfortable environment. "What kids deserve is an engaging curriculum and a caring atmosphere so they can act on their natural desire to find out about stuff" (Brandt, 1995). Active participation in the classroom activities develops understanding of the subject. Understanding motivates them to express themselves properly and also encourages them to work hard (Nelse n,

The Hidden Curriculum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Hidden Curriculum - Essay Example The Hidden curriculum will overlap with other types of curriculum, however, that will be the primary focus of this paper. (Hidden Curriculum of Online Learning 2000) quotes Foshay and describes this as the transcendent aspect of learning: "the experience of transcendence, or the sense of one's self as part of a vastly larger whole." The subjects listed in a stated curriculum are not necessarily what students learn in the classroom. What is meant to be taught and what is actually learned are many times two different things. This is called "the hidden curriculum". school with the stated curriculum or the subjects they studied. This curriculum is public and the often the subject of heated debate. Although it is not publicly stated and rarely debated, schools also have a hidden curriculum. This hidden curriculum is composed of the basic attitudes and abilities valued by society. When society changes, both the curriculum and the hidden curriculum of schools also change. Because of changes wrought by information technology, society is currently in the middle of a paradigm shift from the Industrial Age to the Information Age. This paradigm shift has direct consequences for both the curriculum and the hidden curriculum of schools. ... In the Industrial Age, the curriculum was composed of the three Rs (i.e., reading, 'riting, and 'rithmetic) and the various core subjects (English, science, math, social studies, fine arts, physical education, and so on). Schools in the 20th century also had a hidden curriculum which taught the values that 20th century industry desired the workforce to possess -- attitudes and abilities like trainability, obedience, The Hidden Curriculum 4 punctuality, dependability, and loyalty. These are the characteristics that industrial factories were looking for in graduates of 20th century schools and these characteristics often determined an individual's success in both the school and the workplace. Back in days of old the basic curriculum consisted of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Now in the year 2006 you can add computer literacy, Internet savvy, and knowledge of multiple communications devices. The unhidden curriculum is the subjects and classes that are listed in the school syllabus, or schedule. It is the education that teachers desire or transfer of knowledge to their students. It is usually the subjects that parents and students intend or believe will be their primary focus. In this century most of what is considered to be the hidden curriculum revolves around student behavioral patterns, daily routines, and the various teaching methods or expectations of the individual teacher. With or without intentions, a teacher can become more like a dictator and controlling instead of a good role model who teaches. Today the process of learning is not usually one where the The Hidden Curriculum 5 teacher rules or oversees but the students and instructor work collaboratively in the education